Abstract
Glyphosate-resistant corn was grown in 38- and 76-cm row spacings at two locations in 2001 to examine the effect of weed competition and row spacing on soil moisture. Volumetric soil moisture was measured to a depth of 0.9 m in 18-cm increments. Glyphosate was applied when average weed canopy heights reached 5, 10, 15, 23, and 30 cm. Season-long weed interference reduced soil moisture compared with the weed free controls. At Clarksville, MI, where common lambsquarters was the dominant weed species, weed interference reduced soil moisture in the 0- to 18-cm soil depth from late June through early August and at the 54- to 72- and 72- to 90-cm depths from mid-July through the end of the season. At East Lansing, MI, where giant foxtail was the dominant weed species, weed interference reduced soil moisture at the 18- to 36-, 36- to 54-, and 54- to 72-cm soil depths from mid-June to the end of the season. Season-long weed competition reduced yields more than 90% at each location. Weeds that emerged after the 5-cm glyphosate timing reduced soil moisture and grain yield at both locations. Delaying glyphosate applications until weeds reached 23 cm or more in height reduced corn yield at both locations and soil moisture at East Lansing. Grain yields in the 10- and 15-cm glyphosate-timing treatments were equal to the weed-free corn, even though soil moisture was less during pollination and grain fill. Row spacing did not affect grain yield but did affect soil moisture. Soil moisture was greater in the 76-cm row spacing, suggesting that corn in the 38-cm row spacing may have been able to access soil moisture more effectively.
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Claims 13
Claim · model-written summary
Season-long weed interference reduced soil moisture compared with weed-free controls in corn.
- Treatment
- Season-long weed interferencee1
- Outcome
- soil moisturee1
- Direction
- reducede1
- Comparator
- weed free controlse1
Zea maysOrganisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Zea mays”
e1“Season-long weed interference reduced soil moisture compared with the weed free controls”
Claim · model-written summary
At Clarksville, MI, where common lambsquarters dominated, weed interference reduced soil moisture in the 0- to 18-cm depth from late June through early August.
- Treatment
- weed interferencee1
- Interactor
- common lambsquarters
Chenopodium albume1weed - Outcome
- soil moisturee1
- Direction
- reducede1
- Qualifier
- 0- to 18-cm soil depth from late June through early Auguste1
- Setting
- Clarksville, MIe1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Zea mays”
e1“At Clarksville, MI, where common lambsquarters was the dominant weed species, weed interference reduced soil moisture in the 0- to 18-cm soil depth from late June through early August”
Claim · model-written summary
At Clarksville, MI, weed interference reduced soil moisture at the 54- to 72- and 72- to 90-cm depths from mid-July through the end of the season.
- Treatment
- weed interferencee1
- Interactor
- common lambsquartersChenopodium albume1weed
- Outcome
- soil moisturee1
- Direction
- reducede1
- Qualifier
- 54- to 72- and 72- to 90-cm depths from mid-July through the end of the seasone1
- Setting
- Clarksville, MIe1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Zea mays”
e1“At Clarksville, MI, where common lambsquarters was the dominant weed species, weed interference reduced soil moisture in the 0- to 18-cm soil depth from late June through early August and at the 54- to 72- and 72- to 90-cm depths from mid-July through the end of the season”
Claim · model-written summary
At East Lansing, MI, where giant foxtail dominated, weed interference reduced soil moisture at the 18- to 36-, 36- to 54-, and 54- to 72-cm depths from mid-June to the end of the season.
- Treatment
- weed interferencee1
- Interactor
- giant foxtaile1weed
- Outcome
- soil moisturee1
- Direction
- reducede1
- Setting
- East Lansing, MIe1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Zea mays”
e1“At East Lansing, MI, where giant foxtail was the dominant weed species, weed interference reduced soil moisture at the 18- to 36-, 36- to 54-, and 54- to 72-cm soil depths from mid-June to the end of the season”
Claim · model-written summary
Season-long weed competition reduced corn yields by more than 90% at each location.
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Zea mays”
e1“Season-long weed competition reduced yields more than 90% at each location”
Claim · model-written summary
Weeds that emerged after the 5-cm glyphosate timing reduced soil moisture and grain yield at both locations.
- Treatment
- Weeds that emerged after the 5-cm glyphosate timinge1
- Outcome
- soil moisture and grain yielde1
- Direction
- reducede1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Zea mays”
e1“Weeds that emerged after the 5-cm glyphosate timing reduced soil moisture and grain yield at both locations”
Claim · model-written summary
Delaying glyphosate applications until weeds reached 23 cm or more reduced corn yield at both locations.
- Treatment
- Delaying glyphosate applications until weeds reached 23 cm or more in heighte1
- Outcome
- corn yielde1
- Direction
- reducede1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Zea mays”
e1“Delaying glyphosate applications until weeds reached 23 cm or more in height reduced corn yield at both locations”
Claim · model-written summary
Delaying glyphosate applications until weeds reached 23 cm or more reduced soil moisture at East Lansing.
- Treatment
- Delaying glyphosate applications until weeds reached 23 cm or more in heighte1
- Outcome
- soil moisturee1
- Direction
- reducede1
- Setting
- East Lansinge1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Zea mays”
e1“Delaying glyphosate applications until weeds reached 23 cm or more in height reduced corn yield at both locations and soil moisture at East Lansing”
Claim · model-written summary
Grain yields in the 10- and 15-cm glyphosate-timing treatments were equal to weed-free corn.
- Treatment
- 10- and 15-cm glyphosate-timing treatmentse1
- Outcome
- Grain yieldse1
- Direction
- equale1
- Comparator
- weed-free corne1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Zea mays”
e1“Grain yields in the 10- and 15-cm glyphosate-timing treatments were equal to the weed-free corn”
Claim · model-written summary
Soil moisture was less in the 10- and 15-cm glyphosate-timing treatments than in weed-free corn during pollination and grain fill.
- Treatment
- 10- and 15-cm glyphosate-timing treatmentse1
- Outcome
- soil moisturee1
- Direction
- lesse1
- Qualifier
- during pollination and grain fille1
- Comparator
- weed-free corne1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Zea mays”
e1“Grain yields in the 10- and 15-cm glyphosate-timing treatments were equal to the weed-free corn, even though soil moisture was less during pollination and grain fill”
Claim · model-written summary
Row spacing did not affect corn grain yield.
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Zea mays”
e1“Row spacing did not affect grain yield”
Claim · model-written summary
Soil moisture was greater in the 76-cm row spacing.
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Zea mays”
e1“Soil moisture was greater in the 76-cm row spacing”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors suggest corn in the 38-cm row spacing may have accessed soil moisture more effectively.
- Taxon
- corn
Zea mays subsp. mayse1 - Treatment
- 38-cm row spacinge1
- Outcome
- access soil moisture more effectivelye1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Zea mays”
e1“corn in the 38-cm row spacing may have been able to access soil moisture more effectively”
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