Abstract
Fresh Lotus corniculatus containing 27 g extractable condensed tannin (CT)/kg dry matter (DM) and 8 g bound CT/kg DM was fed at hourly intervals to sheep held in metabolism cages to study the effects of CT on nutrient digestion and on metabolism of methionine, cystine and inorganic sulphate in plasma. Polyethylene glycol (PEG) was continuously infused into the rumen of half the sheep to remove the effects of CT. Principal measurements in the two groups were plasma irreversible loss (IRL) rate and interconversions of methionine, cystine and inorganic sulphate using 35S labelling. CT in Lotus corniculatus had no effects on the apparent digestion of cellulose and minerals, slightly depressed DM, organic matter and hemicellulose digestion and markedly reduced the apparent digestion of N (P < 0.01). The concentration of NH3 and molar proportions of iso-butyric acid, iso-valeric acid and n-valeric acid in rumen fluid were markedly increased by the PEG infusion (P < 0.01), whereas total volatile fatty acid concentration and molar proportions of acetic acid, propionic acid and n-butyric acid were not affected. PEG infusion temporarily increased rumen protozoa numbers. CT greatly increased the IRL of plasma cystine (13.1 v. 7.0 mumol/min; P < 0.05) and reduced IRL of plasma inorganic sulphate (36.8 v. 48.1 mumol/min; P < 0.01) but had no effect on methionine IRL. CT increased transulphuration of methionine to cystine (4.37 v. 1.24 mumol/min; P < 0.05), increased cystine entering the plasma from whole-body protein turnover plus absorption from the small intestine (9.34 v. 5.75 mumol/min; P < 0.05) and increased cystine flux to body synthetic reactions (11.89 v. 5.41 mumol/min; P < 0.05). CT had no effect on the proportion of methionine total flux transferred to sulphate (0.05 v. 0.06; P < 0.05), reduced the proportion of methionine flux transferred to body synthetic reactions (0.68 v. 0.86) and markedly reduced the proportion of cystine flux transferred to sulphate (0.09 v. 0.27; P < 0.01). It was concluded that CT in Lotus corniculatus reduced rumen protein degradation and markedly increased utilization of plasma cystine for body synthetic reactions.
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Claims 17
Claim · model-written summary
Condensed tannins in Lotus corniculatus had no effect on apparent digestion of cellulose and minerals.
- Taxon
- Lotus corniculatus
_Lotus_corniculatus_-_Plant_habit.jpg?width=60)
Lotus corniculatuse2 - Treatment
- condensed tannin (CT)e2
- Interactor
- sheep
Ovis ariese2herbivore - Outcome
- apparent digestion of cellulose and mineralse1
- Direction
- no effectse1
- Comparator
- Polyethylene glycol (PEG)e3
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
_Lotus_corniculatus_-_Plant_habit.jpg?width=500)
Verbatim
e1“CT in Lotus corniculatus had no effects on the apparent digestion of cellulose and minerals”
e2“Fresh Lotus corniculatus containing 27 g extractable condensed tannin (CT)/kg dry matter (DM) and 8 g bound CT/kg DM was fed at hourly intervals to sheep held in metabolism cages”
e3“Polyethylene glycol (PEG) was continuously infused into the rumen of half the sheep to remove the effects of CT”
Claim · model-written summary
Condensed tannins slightly depressed digestion of DM, organic matter and hemicellulose.
- Taxon
- Lotus corniculatusLotus corniculatuse2
- Treatment
- condensed tannin (CT)e2
- Interactor
- sheepOvis ariese2herbivore
- Outcome
- DM, organic matter and hemicellulose digestione1
- Direction
- slightly depressede1
- Comparator
- Polyethylene glycol (PEG)e3
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“slightly depressed DM, organic matter and hemicellulose digestion”
e2“Fresh Lotus corniculatus containing 27 g extractable condensed tannin (CT)/kg dry matter (DM) and 8 g bound CT/kg DM was fed at hourly intervals to sheep held in metabolism cages”
e3“Polyethylene glycol (PEG) was continuously infused into the rumen of half the sheep to remove the effects of CT”
Claim · model-written summary
Condensed tannins markedly reduced the apparent digestion of nitrogen.
- Taxon
- Lotus corniculatusLotus corniculatuse2
- Treatment
- condensed tannin (CT)e2
- Interactor
- sheepOvis ariese2herbivore
- Outcome
- apparent digestion of Ne1
- Direction
- markedly reducede1
- Comparator
- Polyethylene glycol (PEG)e3
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“markedly reduced the apparent digestion of N (P < 0.01)”
e2“Fresh Lotus corniculatus containing 27 g extractable condensed tannin (CT)/kg dry matter (DM) and 8 g bound CT/kg DM was fed at hourly intervals to sheep held in metabolism cages”
e3“Polyethylene glycol (PEG) was continuously infused into the rumen of half the sheep to remove the effects of CT”
Claim · model-written summary
PEG infusion markedly increased rumen NH3 and the molar proportions of iso-butyric, iso-valeric and n-valeric acids.
- Taxon
- Lotus corniculatusLotus corniculatuse2
- Treatment
- PEG infusione1
- Interactor
- sheepOvis ariese2herbivore
- Outcome
- concentration of NH3 and molar proportions of iso-butyric acid, iso-valeric acid and n-valeric acid in rumen fluide1
- Direction
- markedly increasede1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“The concentration of NH3 and molar proportions of iso-butyric acid, iso-valeric acid and n-valeric acid in rumen fluid were markedly increased by the PEG infusion (P < 0.01)”
e2“Fresh Lotus corniculatus containing 27 g extractable condensed tannin (CT)/kg dry matter (DM) and 8 g bound CT/kg DM was fed at hourly intervals to sheep held in metabolism cages”
Claim · model-written summary
PEG infusion temporarily increased rumen protozoa numbers.
- Taxon
- Lotus corniculatusLotus corniculatuse2
- Treatment
- Polyethylene glycol (PEG)e3
- Interactor
- sheepOvis ariese2herbivore
- Outcome
- rumen protozoa numberse1
- Direction
- temporarily increasede1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“PEG infusion temporarily increased rumen protozoa numbers”
e2“Fresh Lotus corniculatus containing 27 g extractable condensed tannin (CT)/kg dry matter (DM) and 8 g bound CT/kg DM was fed at hourly intervals to sheep held in metabolism cages”
e3“Polyethylene glycol (PEG) was continuously infused into the rumen of half the sheep to remove the effects of CT”
Claim · model-written summary
PEG infusion did not affect total volatile fatty acid concentration or the proportions of acetic, propionic and n-butyric acids.
- Taxon
- Lotus corniculatusLotus corniculatuse2
- Treatment
- Polyethylene glycol (PEG)e3
- Interactor
- sheepOvis ariese2herbivore
- Outcome
- total volatile fatty acid concentratione1
- Direction
- not affectede1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“whereas total volatile fatty acid concentration and molar proportions of acetic acid, propionic acid and n-butyric acid were not affected”
e2“Fresh Lotus corniculatus containing 27 g extractable condensed tannin (CT)/kg dry matter (DM) and 8 g bound CT/kg DM was fed at hourly intervals to sheep held in metabolism cages”
e3“Polyethylene glycol (PEG) was continuously infused into the rumen of half the sheep to remove the effects of CT”
Claim · model-written summary
Condensed tannins greatly increased the irreversible loss rate of plasma cystine (13.1 vs 7.0 mumol/min).
- Taxon
- Lotus corniculatusLotus corniculatuse2
- Treatment
- condensed tannin (CT)e2
- Interactor
- sheepOvis ariese2herbivore
- Outcome
- IRL of plasma cystinee1
- Direction
- greatly increasede1
- Value
- 13.1 v. 7.0 mumol/mine1
- Comparator
- Polyethylene glycol (PEG)e3
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“CT greatly increased the IRL of plasma cystine (13.1 v. 7.0 mumol/min; P < 0.05)”
e2“Fresh Lotus corniculatus containing 27 g extractable condensed tannin (CT)/kg dry matter (DM) and 8 g bound CT/kg DM was fed at hourly intervals to sheep held in metabolism cages”
e3“Polyethylene glycol (PEG) was continuously infused into the rumen of half the sheep to remove the effects of CT”
Claim · model-written summary
Condensed tannins reduced the irreversible loss rate of plasma inorganic sulphate (36.8 vs 48.1 mumol/min).
- Taxon
- Lotus corniculatusLotus corniculatuse2
- Treatment
- condensed tannin (CT)e2
- Interactor
- sheepOvis ariese2herbivore
- Outcome
- IRL of plasma inorganic sulphatee1
- Direction
- reducede1
- Value
- 36.8 v. 48.1 mumol/mine1
- Comparator
- Polyethylene glycol (PEG)e3
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“reduced IRL of plasma inorganic sulphate (36.8 v. 48.1 mumol/min; P < 0.01)”
e2“Fresh Lotus corniculatus containing 27 g extractable condensed tannin (CT)/kg dry matter (DM) and 8 g bound CT/kg DM was fed at hourly intervals to sheep held in metabolism cages”
e3“Polyethylene glycol (PEG) was continuously infused into the rumen of half the sheep to remove the effects of CT”
Claim · model-written summary
Condensed tannins had no effect on methionine irreversible loss rate.
- Taxon
- Lotus corniculatusLotus corniculatuse2
- Treatment
- condensed tannin (CT)e2
- Interactor
- sheepOvis ariese2herbivore
- Outcome
- methionine IRLe1
- Direction
- no effecte1
- Comparator
- Polyethylene glycol (PEG)e3
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“had no effect on methionine IRL”
e2“Fresh Lotus corniculatus containing 27 g extractable condensed tannin (CT)/kg dry matter (DM) and 8 g bound CT/kg DM was fed at hourly intervals to sheep held in metabolism cages”
e3“Polyethylene glycol (PEG) was continuously infused into the rumen of half the sheep to remove the effects of CT”
Claim · model-written summary
Condensed tannins increased transulphuration of methionine to cystine (4.37 vs 1.24 mumol/min).
- Taxon
- Lotus corniculatusLotus corniculatuse2
- Treatment
- condensed tannin (CT)e2
- Interactor
- sheepOvis ariese2herbivore
- Outcome
- transulphuration of methionine to cystinee1
- Direction
- increasede1
- Value
- 4.37 v. 1.24 mumol/mine1
- Comparator
- Polyethylene glycol (PEG)e3
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“CT increased transulphuration of methionine to cystine (4.37 v. 1.24 mumol/min; P < 0.05)”
e2“Fresh Lotus corniculatus containing 27 g extractable condensed tannin (CT)/kg dry matter (DM) and 8 g bound CT/kg DM was fed at hourly intervals to sheep held in metabolism cages”
e3“Polyethylene glycol (PEG) was continuously infused into the rumen of half the sheep to remove the effects of CT”
Claim · model-written summary
Condensed tannins increased cystine entering the plasma (9.34 vs 5.75 mumol/min).
- Taxon
- Lotus corniculatusLotus corniculatuse2
- Treatment
- condensed tannin (CT)e2
- Interactor
- sheepOvis ariese2herbivore
- Outcome
- cystine entering the plasmae1
- Direction
- increasede1
- Value
- 9.34 v. 5.75 mumol/mine1
- Comparator
- Polyethylene glycol (PEG)e3
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“increased cystine entering the plasma from whole-body protein turnover plus absorption from the small intestine (9.34 v. 5.75 mumol/min; P < 0.05)”
e2“Fresh Lotus corniculatus containing 27 g extractable condensed tannin (CT)/kg dry matter (DM) and 8 g bound CT/kg DM was fed at hourly intervals to sheep held in metabolism cages”
e3“Polyethylene glycol (PEG) was continuously infused into the rumen of half the sheep to remove the effects of CT”
Claim · model-written summary
Condensed tannins increased cystine flux to body synthetic reactions (11.89 vs 5.41 mumol/min).
- Taxon
- Lotus corniculatusLotus corniculatuse2
- Treatment
- condensed tannin (CT)e2
- Interactor
- sheepOvis ariese2herbivore
- Outcome
- cystine flux to body synthetic reactionse1
- Direction
- increasede1
- Value
- 11.89 v. 5.41 mumol/mine1
- Comparator
- Polyethylene glycol (PEG)e3
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“increased cystine flux to body synthetic reactions (11.89 v. 5.41 mumol/min; P < 0.05)”
e2“Fresh Lotus corniculatus containing 27 g extractable condensed tannin (CT)/kg dry matter (DM) and 8 g bound CT/kg DM was fed at hourly intervals to sheep held in metabolism cages”
e3“Polyethylene glycol (PEG) was continuously infused into the rumen of half the sheep to remove the effects of CT”
Claim · model-written summary
Condensed tannins had no effect on the proportion of methionine flux transferred to sulphate (0.05 vs 0.06).
- Taxon
- Lotus corniculatusLotus corniculatuse2
- Treatment
- condensed tannin (CT)e2
- Interactor
- sheepOvis ariese2herbivore
- Outcome
- proportion of methionine total flux transferred to sulphatee1
- Direction
- no effecte1
- Value
- 0.05 v. 0.06e1
- Comparator
- Polyethylene glycol (PEG)e3
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“CT had no effect on the proportion of methionine total flux transferred to sulphate (0.05 v. 0.06; P < 0.05)”
e2“Fresh Lotus corniculatus containing 27 g extractable condensed tannin (CT)/kg dry matter (DM) and 8 g bound CT/kg DM was fed at hourly intervals to sheep held in metabolism cages”
e3“Polyethylene glycol (PEG) was continuously infused into the rumen of half the sheep to remove the effects of CT”
Claim · model-written summary
Condensed tannins reduced the proportion of methionine flux transferred to body synthetic reactions (0.68 vs 0.86).
- Taxon
- Lotus corniculatusLotus corniculatuse2
- Treatment
- condensed tannin (CT)e2
- Interactor
- sheepOvis ariese2herbivore
- Outcome
- proportion of methionine flux transferred to body synthetic reactionse1
- Direction
- reducede1
- Value
- 0.68 v. 0.86e1
- Comparator
- Polyethylene glycol (PEG)e3
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“reduced the proportion of methionine flux transferred to body synthetic reactions (0.68 v. 0.86)”
e2“Fresh Lotus corniculatus containing 27 g extractable condensed tannin (CT)/kg dry matter (DM) and 8 g bound CT/kg DM was fed at hourly intervals to sheep held in metabolism cages”
e3“Polyethylene glycol (PEG) was continuously infused into the rumen of half the sheep to remove the effects of CT”
Claim · model-written summary
Condensed tannins markedly reduced the proportion of cystine flux transferred to sulphate (0.09 vs 0.27).
- Taxon
- Lotus corniculatusLotus corniculatuse2
- Treatment
- condensed tannin (CT)e2
- Interactor
- sheepOvis ariese2herbivore
- Outcome
- proportion of cystine flux transferred to sulphatee1
- Direction
- markedly reducede1
- Value
- 0.09 v. 0.27e1
- Comparator
- Polyethylene glycol (PEG)e3
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“markedly reduced the proportion of cystine flux transferred to sulphate (0.09 v. 0.27; P < 0.01)”
e2“Fresh Lotus corniculatus containing 27 g extractable condensed tannin (CT)/kg dry matter (DM) and 8 g bound CT/kg DM was fed at hourly intervals to sheep held in metabolism cages”
e3“Polyethylene glycol (PEG) was continuously infused into the rumen of half the sheep to remove the effects of CT”
Claim · model-written summary
Condensed tannins reduced rumen protein degradation (author conclusion).
- Taxon
- Lotus corniculatusLotus corniculatuse2
- Treatment
- condensed tannin (CT)e2
- Interactor
- sheepOvis ariese2herbivore
- Outcome
- rumen protein degradatione1
- Direction
- reducede1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“It was concluded that CT in Lotus corniculatus reduced rumen protein degradation and markedly increased utilization of plasma cystine for body synthetic reactions”
e2“Fresh Lotus corniculatus containing 27 g extractable condensed tannin (CT)/kg dry matter (DM) and 8 g bound CT/kg DM was fed at hourly intervals to sheep held in metabolism cages”
Claim · model-written summary
Condensed tannins markedly increased utilization of plasma cystine for body synthetic reactions (author conclusion).
- Taxon
- Lotus corniculatusLotus corniculatuse2
- Treatment
- condensed tannin (CT)e2
- Interactor
- sheepOvis ariese2herbivore
- Outcome
- utilization of plasma cystine for body synthetic reactionse1
- Direction
- markedly increasede1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“It was concluded that CT in Lotus corniculatus reduced rumen protein degradation and markedly increased utilization of plasma cystine for body synthetic reactions”
e2“Fresh Lotus corniculatus containing 27 g extractable condensed tannin (CT)/kg dry matter (DM) and 8 g bound CT/kg DM was fed at hourly intervals to sheep held in metabolism cages”