Abstract
Observations of fruit development in the cultivated strawberry (Fragaria×Ananassa Duchesne) are interpreted as showing that, in unpollinated fruits, development of fruit tissues ceases at anthesis because of an inhibitory factor produced by the maturing carpels. It is suggested that one of the functions of pollination, or fertilization, is to remove this inhibition and make the tissues susceptible to stimulation by growth substances produced either by the parent plant or the fertilized carpels. Receptacles in which pollination is confined to a single carpel swell only around the point of insertion of that carpel, and no swelling occurs beneath neighbouring unfertilized carpels. Likewise, after treatment of the plant with gibberellic acid swelling of fruit tissue occurred only at the base and did not extend into areas occupied by unfertilized carpels. Parthenocarpic fruits were produced in two ways; both depended on the sup-pression of carpel development on the receptacle. In one case, modification of the plants' environment resulted in the production of leafy bracts in place of carpels. In the other, carpel development was specifically inhibited by applications of maleic hydrazide at the time of carpel formation. When carpels were only partially suppressed swelling occurred only in areas either free of carpels or occupied by fertilized carpels, never in areas occupied by unfertilized carpels.
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Claims 9
Claim · model-written summary
In unpollinated strawberry fruits, tissue development ceases at anthesis.
- Taxon
- Strawberry
_single2.jpg?width=60)
Fragaria ×ananassat0 - Organ / stage
- fruit tissuese0
- Outcome
- development of fruit tissues ceases at anthesise0
- Qualifier
- unpollinated fruitse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
_single2.jpg?width=500)
Verbatim
e0“in unpollinated fruits, development of fruit tissues ceases at anthesis because of an inhibitory factor produced by the maturing carpels.”
t0“Strawberry”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors infer that maturing carpels produce an inhibitory factor that arrests unpollinated fruit tissue development.
- Taxon
- StrawberryFragaria ×ananassat0
- Organ / stage
- maturing carpelse0
- Outcome
- development of fruit tissues ceases at anthesise0
- Qualifier
- inhibitory factore0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“development of fruit tissues ceases at anthesis because of an inhibitory factor produced by the maturing carpels.”
t0“Strawberry”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors suggest that pollination or fertilization removes inhibition and permits growth substance stimulation.
- Taxon
- StrawberryFragaria ×ananassat0
- Outcome
- make the tissues susceptible to stimulation by growth substancese0
- Qualifier
- pollination, or fertilizatione0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“It is suggested that one of the functions of pollination, or fertilization, is to remove this inhibition and make the tissues susceptible to stimulation by growth substances produced either by the parent plant or the fertilized carpels.”
t0“Strawberry”
Claim · model-written summary
Pollination of a single strawberry carpel caused swelling only around its insertion point.
- Taxon
- StrawberryFragaria ×ananassat0
- Organ / stage
- Receptaclese0
- Treatment
- pollination is confined to a single carpele0
- Outcome
- swell only around the point of insertion of that carpele0
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Receptacles in which pollination is confined to a single carpel swell only around the point of insertion of that carpel, and no swelling occurs beneath neighbouring unfertilized carpels.”
t0“Strawberry”
Claim · model-written summary
No strawberry receptacle swelling occurred beneath neighboring unfertilized carpels after single-carpel pollination.
- Taxon
- StrawberryFragaria ×ananassat0
- Outcome
- no swelling occurs beneath neighbouring unfertilized carpelse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“no swelling occurs beneath neighbouring unfertilized carpels.”
t0“Strawberry”
Claim · model-written summary
Gibberellic acid treatment induced strawberry fruit swelling only at the base, excluding areas of unfertilized carpels.
- Taxon
- StrawberryFragaria ×ananassat0
- Organ / stage
- fruit tissuee0
- Treatment
- gibberellic acide0
- Outcome
- swelling of fruit tissue occurred only at the basee0
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“after treatment of the plant with gibberellic acid swelling of fruit tissue occurred only at the base and did not extend into areas occupied by unfertilized carpels.”
t0“Strawberry”
Claim · model-written summary
Environmental modification yielded leafy bracts in place of carpels and parthenocarpic fruit.
- Taxon
- StrawberryFragaria ×ananassat0
- Treatment
- modification of the plants' environmente0
- Outcome
- production of leafy bracts in place of carpelse0
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“modification of the plants' environment resulted in the production of leafy bracts in place of carpels.”
t0“Strawberry”
Claim · model-written summary
Maleic hydrazide application inhibited carpel development and yielded parthenocarpic fruit.
- Taxon
- StrawberryFragaria ×ananassat0
- Organ / stage
- carpele0
- Treatment
- applications of maleic hydrazidee0
- Outcome
- carpel developmente0
- Direction
- inhibitede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“carpel development was specifically inhibited by applications of maleic hydrazide at the time of carpel formation.”
t0“Strawberry”
Claim · model-written summary
With partial carpel suppression, strawberry swelling occurred in carpel-free or fertilized areas but not beneath unfertilized carpels.
- Taxon
- StrawberryFragaria ×ananassat0
- Outcome
- swelling occurred only in areas either free of carpels or occupied by fertilized carpelse0
- Qualifier
- When carpels were only partially suppressede0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“When carpels were only partially suppressed swelling occurred only in areas either free of carpels or occupied by fertilized carpels, never in areas occupied by unfertilized carpels.”
t0“Strawberry”
The same questions in other papers
Maleic hydrazide · growth · Fragaria x ananassa (strawberry)Results agree
1 paper in the same direction as this paper
- positive
climate site · yield · Fragaria x ananassa (strawberry)Positive and negative results
8 papers in the same direction as this paper · 4 in the opposite direction
- negative
- negative
- no effect
9 papers more in this group
See all 13 papers →Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.