Abstract
We compared root system morphogenesis of micropropogated transplants of Prunus cerasifera L. inoculated with either of the arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi Glomus mosseae or Glomus intraradices or with the ericoid mycorrhizal species Hymenoscyphus ericae. All plants were grown in sand culture, irrigated with a nutrient solution that included a soluble source of phosphorus, for 75 days after transplanting. Arbuscular mycorrhizal colonization increased both the survival and growth (by over 100%) of transplants compared with either uninoculated controls or transplants inoculated with H. ericae. Arbuscular mycorrhizal colonization increased root, stem and leaf weights, leaf area, root length and specific leaf area, and it decreased root length/leaf area ratio, root/shoot weight ratio and specific root length. Both uptake of phosphorus and its concentration in leaves were increased by AM infection, although the time course of the relationships between intensity of AM infection and P nutrition were complex and suggested a role for factors other than nutrition. The time course for the development of infection varied. It was most rapid with G. mosseae, but it was ultimately higher with G. intraradices. None of the treatments significantly affected the lengths of adventitious roots or the first-, second- or third-order laterals that developed from them. Arbuscular mycorrhizal colonization increased the intensity of branching in all root orders with the effect being most obvious on first-order lateral roots where the number of branches increased from under 100 to over 300 brances m(-1). As a result, although first-order laterals made up 55% of the root systems of control plants, the comparable value was 36% in AM-infected plants. In contrast, second-order laterals represented 25% of control root systems, but 50% of AM-colonized root systems. Glomus intraradices but not G. mosseae increased root diameter. Anatomical studies revealed no changes in the overall form of the root tip, although there were changes in the diameter of the root cap, cell numbers and cell size. Hymenoscyphus ericae increased the duration of the metaphase index. Both AM fungal treatments increased the concentrations of soluble proteins in root extracts and modified the protein profiles by the elimination and addition of protein bands detected by PAGE analysis. We conclude that AM fungal inoculation influenced processes in the root system at different levels, but not all effects were due to improved P nutrition or increased physiological age.
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Claims 20
Claim · model-written summary
AM colonization increased transplant survival versus uninoculated and H. ericae inoculated controls.
- Taxon
- Prunus cerasifera
Prunus cerasiferae1 - Treatment
- Arbuscular mycorrhizal colonizatione0
- Interactor
- Glomus mosseae or Glomus intraradicesRhizophagus intraradices
Funneliformis mosseaee2symbiont - Outcome
- survivale0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Comparator
- uninoculated controlse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Arbuscular mycorrhizal colonization increased both the survival and growth (by over 100%) of transplants compared with either uninoculated controls or transplants inoculated with H. ericae”
e1“Prunus cerasifera L.”
e2“Glomus mosseae or Glomus intraradices”
Claim · model-written summary
AM colonization increased transplant growth by over 100% versus controls.
- Taxon
- Prunus cerasiferaPrunus cerasiferae1
- Treatment
- Arbuscular mycorrhizal colonizatione0
- Interactor
- Glomus mosseae or Glomus intraradicesRhizophagus intraradicesFunneliformis mosseaee2symbiont
- Outcome
- growthe0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- over 100%e0
- Comparator
- uninoculated controlse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Arbuscular mycorrhizal colonization increased both the survival and growth (by over 100%) of transplants compared with either uninoculated controls or transplants inoculated with H. ericae”
e1“Prunus cerasifera L.”
e2“Glomus mosseae or Glomus intraradices”
Claim · model-written summary
AM colonization increased root, stem and leaf weights.
- Taxon
- Prunus cerasiferaPrunus cerasiferae1
- Treatment
- Arbuscular mycorrhizal colonizatione0
- Outcome
- root, stem and leaf weightse0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Arbuscular mycorrhizal colonization increased root, stem and leaf weights”
e1“Prunus cerasifera L.”
Claim · model-written summary
AM colonization increased leaf area, root length and specific leaf area.
- Taxon
- Prunus cerasiferaPrunus cerasiferae1
- Treatment
- Arbuscular mycorrhizal colonizatione0
- Outcome
- leaf area, root length and specific leaf areae0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Arbuscular mycorrhizal colonization increased root, stem and leaf weights, leaf area, root length and specific leaf area”
e1“Prunus cerasifera L.”
Claim · model-written summary
AM colonization decreased root length to leaf area ratio, root to shoot weight ratio and specific root length.
- Taxon
- Prunus cerasiferaPrunus cerasiferae2
- Treatment
- Arbuscular mycorrhizal colonizatione1
- Outcome
- root length/leaf area ratio, root/shoot weight ratio and specific root lengthe0
- Direction
- decreasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“it decreased root length/leaf area ratio, root/shoot weight ratio and specific root length”
e1“Arbuscular mycorrhizal colonization increased root”
e2“Prunus cerasifera L.”
Claim · model-written summary
AM infection increased phosphorus uptake and leaf phosphorus concentration.
- Taxon
- Prunus cerasiferaPrunus cerasiferae1
- Treatment
- AM infectione0
- Outcome
- uptake of phosphorus and its concentration in leavese0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Both uptake of phosphorus and its concentration in leaves were increased by AM infection”
e1“Prunus cerasifera L.”
Claim · model-written summary
Infection developed most rapidly with G. mosseae.
- Taxon
- Prunus cerasiferaPrunus cerasiferae2
- Interactor
- G. mosseaeFunneliformis mosseaee0symbiont
- Outcome
- development of infectione1
- Direction
- most rapide0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“It was most rapid with G. mosseae”
e1“The time course for the development of infection varied”
e2“Prunus cerasifera L.”
Claim · model-written summary
Final infection was higher with G. intraradices.
- Taxon
- Prunus cerasiferaPrunus cerasiferae2
- Interactor
- G. intraradicesRhizophagus intraradicese0symbiont
- Outcome
- infectione1
- Direction
- highere0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“it was ultimately higher with G. intraradices”
e1“The time course for the development of infection varied”
e2“Prunus cerasifera L.”
Claim · model-written summary
Treatments did not significantly affect adventitious root or first through third order lateral lengths.
- Taxon
- Prunus cerasiferaPrunus cerasiferae1
- Treatment
- treatmentse0
- Outcome
- lengths of adventitious roots or the first-, second- or third-order lateralse0
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“None of the treatments significantly affected the lengths of adventitious roots or the first-, second- or third-order laterals that developed from them”
e1“Prunus cerasifera L.”
Claim · model-written summary
AM colonization increased branching intensity in all root orders.
- Taxon
- Prunus cerasiferaPrunus cerasiferae1
- Treatment
- Arbuscular mycorrhizal colonizatione0
- Outcome
- intensity of branching in all root orderse0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Arbuscular mycorrhizal colonization increased the intensity of branching in all root orders”
e1“Prunus cerasifera L.”
Claim · model-written summary
First order lateral branch density rose from under 100 to over 300 branches per meter.
- Taxon
- Prunus cerasiferaPrunus cerasiferae2
- Treatment
- Arbuscular mycorrhizal colonizatione1
- Outcome
- number of branchese0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- over 300 brances m(-1)e0
- Qualifier
- under 100e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“first-order lateral roots where the number of branches increased from under 100 to over 300 brances m(-1)”
e1“Arbuscular mycorrhizal colonization increased the intensity of branching”
e2“Prunus cerasifera L.”
Claim · model-written summary
First order laterals represented 36% of AM infected versus 55% of control root systems.
- Taxon
- Prunus cerasiferaPrunus cerasiferae1
- Treatment
- AM-infected plantse0
- Outcome
- first-order lateralse0
- Direction
- decreaseinferrede0
- Value
- 36%e0
- Qualifier
- 55%e0
- Comparator
- control plantse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“first-order laterals made up 55% of the root systems of control plants, the comparable value was 36% in AM-infected plants”
e1“Prunus cerasifera L.”
Claim · model-written summary
Second order laterals represented 50% of AM colonized versus 25% of control root systems.
- Taxon
- Prunus cerasiferaPrunus cerasiferae1
- Treatment
- AM-colonized root systemse0
- Outcome
- second-order lateralse0
- Direction
- increaseinferrede0
- Value
- 50%e0
- Qualifier
- 25%e0
- Comparator
- control root systemse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“second-order laterals represented 25% of control root systems, but 50% of AM-colonized root systems”
e1“Prunus cerasifera L.”
Claim · model-written summary
G. intraradices increased root diameter.
- Taxon
- Prunus cerasiferaPrunus cerasiferae1
- Treatment
- Glomus intraradicese0
- Interactor
- Glomus intraradicesRhizophagus intraradicese0symbiont
- Outcome
- root diametere0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Comparator
- G. mosseaee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Glomus intraradices but not G. mosseae increased root diameter”
e1“Prunus cerasifera L.”
Claim · model-written summary
Anatomical studies found no overall root tip form change.
- Taxon
- Prunus cerasiferaPrunus cerasiferae1
- Outcome
- overall form of the root tipe0
- Direction
- no changese0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Anatomical studies revealed no changes in the overall form of the root tip”
e1“Prunus cerasifera L.”
Claim · model-written summary
Anatomical studies found changes in root cap diameter, cell number and cell size.
- Taxon
- Prunus cerasiferaPrunus cerasiferae1
- Outcome
- diameter of the root cap, cell numbers and cell sizee0
- Direction
- changese0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“there were changes in the diameter of the root cap, cell numbers and cell size”
e1“Prunus cerasifera L.”
Claim · model-written summary
Hymenoscyphus ericae increased duration of the metaphase index.
- Taxon
- Prunus cerasiferaPrunus cerasiferae1
- Treatment
- Hymenoscyphus ericaee0
- Interactor
- Hymenoscyphus ericae
_1.jpg?width=60)
Hyaloscypha hepaticicolae0symbiont - Outcome
- duration of the metaphase indexe0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
_1.jpg?width=500)
Verbatim
e0“Hymenoscyphus ericae increased the duration of the metaphase index”
e1“Prunus cerasifera L.”
Claim · model-written summary
Both AM fungal treatments increased soluble protein concentrations in root extracts.
- Taxon
- Prunus cerasiferaPrunus cerasiferae1
- Treatment
- AM fungal treatmentse0
- Outcome
- concentrations of soluble proteins in root extractse0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Both AM fungal treatments increased the concentrations of soluble proteins in root extracts”
e1“Prunus cerasifera L.”
Claim · model-written summary
Both AM fungal treatments modified root protein profiles by eliminating and adding PAGE bands.
- Taxon
- Prunus cerasiferaPrunus cerasiferae1
- Treatment
- AM fungal treatmentse0
- Outcome
- protein profilese0
- Direction
- modifiede0
- Qualifier
- elimination and addition of protein bandse0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Both AM fungal treatments increased the concentrations of soluble proteins in root extracts and modified the protein profiles by the elimination and addition of protein bands detected by PAGE analysis”
e1“Prunus cerasifera L.”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors conclude AM effects on roots were not all attributable to improved phosphorus nutrition or physiological age.
- Taxon
- Prunus cerasiferaPrunus cerasiferae2
- Outcome
- processes in the root systeme1
- Qualifier
- not all effects were due to improved P nutrition or increased physiological agee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“not all effects were due to improved P nutrition or increased physiological age”
e1“AM fungal inoculation influenced processes in the root system”
e2“Prunus cerasifera L.”
The same questions in other papers
mycorrhiza · growth · Prunus cerasifera (cherry plum)Results agree
1 paper in the same direction as this paper
- positive
Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.