Abstract
Speckback, a small imperfection that occurs on the dorsal surface (the surface opposite the germ) of kernels of rice (Oryza sativa L.), is characterized by a variety of lesions, not all of which are discernible by the unaided eye and, therefore, are unlikely to be detected by inspectors in industry. Speckback has been known for years but was so rare and inconspicuous that it was not considered a problem. A sudden, dramatic increase in the incidence of speckback coincided with the release of the high-yielding, semidwarf, long-grain cultivars Lemont and Gulfmont. The superficial resemblance to peck, damage associated with the rice stink bug, Oebalus pugnax (F.), fostered suspicion that insects caused speckback. This imperfection, far more abundant in ‘Lemont’ and ‘Gulfmont’ than in other cultivars, was unaffected by chemical control of insects in commercial fields or test plots, by confining heavy infestations of insects with piercing-sucking mouthparts on rice panicles, by deliberate exclusion of all insects, or by stress (sheath blight) induced by the disease. Excessive or Iluctuating levels of irrigation water increased the incidence of speck back somewhat but was not the sole determining factor. Regardless of insect infestation or control, speck back was 3.8 times more abundant in ratoon-crop and 5.9 times more abundant in late-planted rice than in main-crop rice seeded on a normal planting date. There was no evidence that speck back was caused by or associated with insects.
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Claims 10
Claim · model-written summary
Speckback incidence increased suddenly when the Lemont and Gulfmont cultivars were released.
- Taxon
- rice
Oryza sativat0 - Material
- Lemont and Gulfmonte1
- Outcome
- incidence of speckbacke1
- Direction
- increasee1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Milled Rice”
e1“A sudden, dramatic increase in the incidence of speckback coincided with the release of the high-yielding, semidwarf, long-grain cultivars Lemont and Gulfmont”
Claim · model-written summary
Speckback was far more abundant in Lemont and Gulfmont than in other cultivars.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Material
- Lemonte2
- Outcome
- imperfectione2
- Direction
- far more abundante2
- Comparator
- other cultivarse2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Milled Rice”
e2“This imperfection, far more abundant in ‘Lemont’ and ‘Gulfmont’ than in other cultivars”
Claim · model-written summary
Speckback incidence was unaffected by chemical control of insects.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- chemical control of insectse3
- Outcome
- imperfectione3
- Direction
- no_changeinferrede3
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Milled Rice”
e3“This imperfection, far more abundant in ‘Lemont’ and ‘Gulfmont’ than in other cultivars, was unaffected by chemical control of insects in commercial fields or test plots, by confining heavy infestations of insects with piercing-sucking mouthparts on rice panicles, by deliberate exclusion of all insects, or by stress (sheath blight) induced by the disease”
Claim · model-written summary
Speckback incidence was unaffected by confining heavy insect infestations on rice panicles.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Organ / stage
- rice paniclese3
- Treatment
- confining heavy infestations of insects with piercing-sucking mouthparts on rice paniclese3
- Outcome
- imperfectione3
- Direction
- no_changeinferrede3
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Milled Rice”
e3“This imperfection, far more abundant in ‘Lemont’ and ‘Gulfmont’ than in other cultivars, was unaffected by chemical control of insects in commercial fields or test plots, by confining heavy infestations of insects with piercing-sucking mouthparts on rice panicles, by deliberate exclusion of all insects, or by stress (sheath blight) induced by the disease”
Claim · model-written summary
Speckback incidence was unaffected by deliberate exclusion of all insects.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- deliberate exclusion of all insectse3
- Outcome
- imperfectione3
- Direction
- no_changeinferrede3
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Milled Rice”
e3“This imperfection, far more abundant in ‘Lemont’ and ‘Gulfmont’ than in other cultivars, was unaffected by chemical control of insects in commercial fields or test plots, by confining heavy infestations of insects with piercing-sucking mouthparts on rice panicles, by deliberate exclusion of all insects, or by stress (sheath blight) induced by the disease”
Claim · model-written summary
Speckback incidence was unaffected by sheath blight stress.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- stress (sheath blight) induced by the diseasee3
- Outcome
- imperfectione3
- Direction
- no_changeinferrede3
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Milled Rice”
e3“This imperfection, far more abundant in ‘Lemont’ and ‘Gulfmont’ than in other cultivars, was unaffected by chemical control of insects in commercial fields or test plots, by confining heavy infestations of insects with piercing-sucking mouthparts on rice panicles, by deliberate exclusion of all insects, or by stress (sheath blight) induced by the disease”
Claim · model-written summary
Excessive or fluctuating irrigation water levels increased speckback incidence somewhat, but were not its sole determinant.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- levels of irrigation watere4
- Outcome
- incidence of speck backe4
- Direction
- increasede4
- Qualifier
- somewhat but was not the sole determining factore4
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Milled Rice”
e4“Excessive or Iluctuating levels of irrigation water increased the incidence of speck back somewhat but was not the sole determining factor”
Claim · model-written summary
Speckback in ratoon-crop rice was 3.8 times more abundant than in main-crop rice planted on a normal date, regardless of insect infestation or control.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- ratoon-crope5
- Outcome
- speck backe5
- Direction
- more abundante5
- Value
- 3.8 timese5
- Qualifier
- Regardless of insect infestation or controle5
- Comparator
- main-crop rice seeded on a normal planting datee5
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Milled Rice”
e5“Regardless of insect infestation or control, speck back was 3.8 times more abundant in ratoon-crop and 5.9 times more abundant in late-planted rice than in main-crop rice seeded on a normal planting date”
Claim · model-written summary
Speckback in late-planted rice was 5.9 times more abundant than in main-crop rice planted on a normal date, regardless of insect infestation or control.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- late-planted ricee5
- Outcome
- speck backe5
- Direction
- more abundante5
- Value
- 5.9 timese5
- Qualifier
- Regardless of insect infestation or controle5
- Comparator
- main-crop rice seeded on a normal planting datee5
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Milled Rice”
e5“Regardless of insect infestation or control, speck back was 3.8 times more abundant in ratoon-crop and 5.9 times more abundant in late-planted rice than in main-crop rice seeded on a normal planting date”
Claim · model-written summary
There was no evidence that speckback was caused by or associated with insects.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Outcome
- speck backe6
- Direction
- no_changeinferrede6
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Milled Rice”
e6“There was no evidence that speck back was caused by or associated with insects”
The same questions in other papers
irrigation · disease · Oryza sativa (rice)Positive and negative results
7 papers in the same direction as this paper · 20 in the opposite direction
- positive
- positive
- positive
24 papers more in this group
See all 28 papers →Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.