Abstract
Effects of temperature on growth and wood anatomy were studied in young European beech (Fagus sylvatica L.) grown in 7-l pots for 2.5 years in field-phytotron chambers supplied with an ambient (approximately 400 micromol mol-1) or elevated (approximately 700 micromol mol-1) carbon dioxide concentration ([CO2]). Temperatures in the chambers ranged in increments of 2 degrees C from -4 degrees C to +4 degrees C relative to the long-term mean monthly (day and night) air temperature in Berlin-Dahlem. Soil was not fertilized and soil water and air humidity were kept constant. Data were evaluated by regression analysis. At final harvest, stem diameter was significantly greater at increased temperature (Delta1 degrees C: 2.4%), stems were taller (Delta1 degrees C: 8.5%) and stem mass tree-1 (Delta1 degrees C: 10.9%) and leaf area tree-1(Delta1 degrees C: 6.5%) were greater. Allocation pattern was slightly influenced by temperature: leaf mass ratio and leaf area ratio decreased with increasing temperature (Delta1 degrees C: 2.3% and 2.2% respectively), whereas stem mass/total mass increased (Delta1 degrees C: 2.1%). Elevated [CO2] enhanced height growth by 8.8% and decreased coarse root mass/total mass by 10.3% and root/shoot ratio by 11.7%. Additional carbon was mainly invested in aboveground growth. At final harvest a synergistic interaction between elevated [CO2] and temperature yielded trees that were 3.2% taller at -4 degrees C and 12.7% taller at +4 degrees C than trees in ambient [CO2]. After 2.5 seasons, cross-sectional area of the oldest stem part was approximately 32% greater in the +4 degrees C treatment than in the -4 degrees C treatment, and in the last year approximately 67% more leaf area/unit tree ring area was produced in the highest temperature regime compared with the lowest. Elevated [CO2] decreased mean vessel area of the 120 largest vessels per mm2 by 5.8%, causing a decrease in water conducting capacity. There was a positive interaction between temperature and elevated [CO2] for relative vessel area, which was approximately 38% higher at +4 degrees C than at -4 degrees C in elevated [CO2] compared with ambient [CO2]. Overall, temperature had a greater effect on growth than [CO2], but elevated [CO2] caused quantitative changes in wood anatomy.
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Claims 20
Claim · model-written summary
Higher temperature increased stem diameter by 2.4% per degree C.
- Taxon
- European beech
Fagus sylvaticat0 - Treatment
- increased temperaturee0
- Outcome
- stem diametere0
- Direction
- greatere0
- Value
- 2.4%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“stem diameter was significantly greater at increased temperature (Delta1 degrees C: 2.4%)”
t0“European beech”
Claim · model-written summary
Higher temperature increased stem height by 8.5% per degree C.
- Taxon
- European beechFagus sylvaticat0
- Treatment
- temperaturee2
- Outcome
- stemse0
- Direction
- tallere0
- Value
- 8.5%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“stems were taller (Delta1 degrees C: 8.5%)”
t0“European beech”
e2“stem diameter was significantly greater at increased temperature (Delta1 degrees C: 2.4%)”
Claim · model-written summary
Higher temperature increased stem mass per tree by 10.9% per degree C.
- Taxon
- European beechFagus sylvaticat0
- Treatment
- temperaturee2
- Outcome
- stem mass tree-1e0
- Direction
- greatere0
- Value
- 10.9%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“stem mass tree-1 (Delta1 degrees C: 10.9%) and leaf area tree-1(Delta1 degrees C: 6.5%) were greater.”
t0“European beech”
e2“stem diameter was significantly greater at increased temperature (Delta1 degrees C: 2.4%)”
Claim · model-written summary
Higher temperature increased leaf area per tree by 6.5% per degree C.
- Taxon
- European beechFagus sylvaticat0
- Treatment
- temperaturee2
- Outcome
- leaf area tree-1e0
- Direction
- greatere0
- Value
- 6.5%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“stem mass tree-1 (Delta1 degrees C: 10.9%) and leaf area tree-1(Delta1 degrees C: 6.5%) were greater.”
t0“European beech”
e2“stem diameter was significantly greater at increased temperature (Delta1 degrees C: 2.4%)”
Claim · model-written summary
Increasing temperature decreased leaf mass ratio by 2.3% per degree C.
- Taxon
- European beechFagus sylvaticat0
- Treatment
- increasing temperaturee0
- Outcome
- leaf mass ratioe0
- Direction
- decreasede0
- Value
- 2.3%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“leaf mass ratio and leaf area ratio decreased with increasing temperature (Delta1 degrees C: 2.3% and 2.2% respectively)”
t0“European beech”
Claim · model-written summary
Increasing temperature decreased leaf area ratio by 2.2% per degree C.
- Taxon
- European beechFagus sylvaticat0
- Treatment
- increasing temperaturee0
- Outcome
- leaf area ratioe0
- Direction
- decreasede0
- Value
- 2.2%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“leaf mass ratio and leaf area ratio decreased with increasing temperature (Delta1 degrees C: 2.3% and 2.2% respectively)”
t0“European beech”
Claim · model-written summary
Increasing temperature increased stem mass relative to total mass by 2.1% per degree C.
- Taxon
- European beechFagus sylvaticat0
- Treatment
- temperaturee2
- Outcome
- stem mass/total masse0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 2.1%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“stem mass/total mass increased (Delta1 degrees C: 2.1%).”
t0“European beech”
e2“stem diameter was significantly greater at increased temperature (Delta1 degrees C: 2.4%)”
Claim · model-written summary
Elevated carbon dioxide enhanced height growth by 8.8%.
- Taxon
- European beechFagus sylvaticat0
- Treatment
- Elevated [CO2]e0
- Outcome
- height growthe0
- Direction
- enhancede0
- Value
- 8.8%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Elevated [CO2] enhanced height growth by 8.8%”
t0“European beech”
Claim · model-written summary
Elevated carbon dioxide decreased coarse root mass relative to total mass by 10.3%.
- Taxon
- European beechFagus sylvaticat0
- Treatment
- Elevated [CO2]e2
- Outcome
- coarse root mass/total masse0
- Direction
- decreasede0
- Value
- 10.3%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“decreased coarse root mass/total mass by 10.3% and root/shoot ratio by 11.7%.”
t0“European beech”
e2“Elevated [CO2] enhanced height growth by 8.8%”
Claim · model-written summary
Elevated carbon dioxide decreased root to shoot ratio by 11.7%.
- Taxon
- European beechFagus sylvaticat0
- Treatment
- Elevated [CO2]e2
- Outcome
- root/shoot ratioe0
- Direction
- decreasede0
- Value
- 11.7%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“decreased coarse root mass/total mass by 10.3% and root/shoot ratio by 11.7%.”
t0“European beech”
e2“Elevated [CO2] enhanced height growth by 8.8%”
Claim · model-written summary
Additional carbon was mainly invested in aboveground growth.
- Taxon
- European beechFagus sylvaticat0
- Outcome
- aboveground growthe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Additional carbon was mainly invested in aboveground growth.”
t0“European beech”
Claim · model-written summary
With elevated carbon dioxide, trees were 3.2% taller at minus 4 degrees C than under ambient carbon dioxide.
- Taxon
- European beechFagus sylvaticat0
- Treatment
- elevated [CO2]e2
- Outcome
- treese0
- Direction
- tallere0
- Value
- 3.2%e0
- Qualifier
- -4 degrees Ce0
- Comparator
- ambient [CO2]e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“trees that were 3.2% taller at -4 degrees C and 12.7% taller at +4 degrees C than trees in ambient [CO2].”
t0“European beech”
e2“Elevated [CO2] enhanced height growth by 8.8%”
Claim · model-written summary
With elevated carbon dioxide, trees were 12.7% taller at plus 4 degrees C than under ambient carbon dioxide.
- Taxon
- European beechFagus sylvaticat0
- Treatment
- elevated [CO2]e2
- Outcome
- treese0
- Direction
- tallere0
- Value
- 12.7%e0
- Qualifier
- +4 degrees Ce0
- Comparator
- ambient [CO2]e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“trees that were 3.2% taller at -4 degrees C and 12.7% taller at +4 degrees C than trees in ambient [CO2].”
t0“European beech”
e2“Elevated [CO2] enhanced height growth by 8.8%”
Claim · model-written summary
After 2.5 seasons, oldest stem cross-sectional area was about 32% greater at plus 4 versus minus 4 degrees C.
- Taxon
- European beechFagus sylvaticat0
- Treatment
- +4 degrees C treatmente0
- Outcome
- cross-sectional area of the oldest stem parte0
- Direction
- greatere0
- Value
- approximately 32%e0
- Comparator
- -4 degrees C treatmente0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“cross-sectional area of the oldest stem part was approximately 32% greater in the +4 degrees C treatment than in the -4 degrees C treatment”
t0“European beech”
Claim · model-written summary
Leaf area per unit tree-ring area was about 67% greater at the highest versus lowest temperature.
- Taxon
- European beechFagus sylvaticat0
- Treatment
- highest temperature regimee0
- Outcome
- leaf area/unit tree ring areae0
- Direction
- moree0
- Value
- approximately 67%e0
- Comparator
- the loweste0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“approximately 67% more leaf area/unit tree ring area was produced in the highest temperature regime compared with the lowest.”
t0“European beech”
Claim · model-written summary
Elevated carbon dioxide decreased mean area of the largest vessels by 5.8%.
- Taxon
- European beechFagus sylvaticat0
- Treatment
- Elevated [CO2]e0
- Outcome
- mean vessel area of the 120 largest vessels per mm2e0
- Direction
- decreasede0
- Value
- 5.8%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Elevated [CO2] decreased mean vessel area of the 120 largest vessels per mm2 by 5.8%”
t0“European beech”
Claim · model-written summary
Reduced vessel area decreased water conducting capacity.
- Taxon
- European beechFagus sylvaticat0
- Outcome
- water conducting capacitye0
- Qualifier
- causing a decreasee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“causing a decrease in water conducting capacity.”
t0“European beech”
Claim · model-written summary
Relative vessel area was about 38% higher at plus 4 than minus 4 degrees C under elevated carbon dioxide compared with ambient carbon dioxide.
- Taxon
- European beechFagus sylvaticat0
- Treatment
- +4 degrees Ce0
- Outcome
- relative vessel areae0
- Direction
- highere0
- Value
- approximately 38%e0
- Qualifier
- elevated [CO2] compared with ambient [CO2]e0
- Comparator
- -4 degrees Ce0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“relative vessel area, which was approximately 38% higher at +4 degrees C than at -4 degrees C in elevated [CO2] compared with ambient [CO2].”
t0“European beech”
Claim · model-written summary
Temperature had a greater effect on growth than carbon dioxide.
- Taxon
- European beechFagus sylvaticat0
- Outcome
- growthe0
- Direction
- greatere0
- Comparator
- [CO2]e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Overall, temperature had a greater effect on growth than [CO2]”
t0“European beech”
Claim · model-written summary
Elevated carbon dioxide caused quantitative changes in wood anatomy.
- Taxon
- European beechFagus sylvaticat0
- Treatment
- elevated [CO2]e0
- Outcome
- wood anatomye0
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“elevated [CO2] caused quantitative changes in wood anatomy.”
t0“European beech”
The same questions in other papers
co2 · growth · Fagus sylvatica (European beech)Positive and negative results
6 papers in the same direction as this paper · 1 in the opposite direction
- positive
- no effect
- positive
4 papers more in this group
See all 8 papers →Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.