Abstract
ABSTRACT Aspergillus flavus can be divided into the S and L strains on the basis of sclerotial morphology. On average, S strain isolates produce greater quantities of aflatoxins than do L strain isolates. Sclerotia of the S strain were observed in commercial seed cotton from western Arizona. Greenhouse tests were performed to better define sclerotial formation in developing bolls. Eight S strain isolates were inoculated into developing bolls via simulated pink bollworm exit holes. All eight isolates formed sclerotia on locule surfaces, and seven of eight isolates produced sclerotia within developing seed. Boll age at inoculation influences formation of sclerotia. More sclerotia formed within bolls that were less than 31 days old at inoculation than in bolls older than 30 days at inoculation. Frequent formation of sclerotia during boll infection may both favor S strain success within cotton fields and increase toxicity of A. flavus-infected cottonseed. Atoxigenic A. flavus L strain isolate AF36 reduced formation of both sclerotia and aflatoxin when coinoculated with S strain isolates. AF36 formed no sclerotia in developing bolls and was more effective at preventing S strain isolates than L strain isolates from contaminating developing cottonseed with aflatoxins. The use of atoxigenic L strain isolates to prevent contamination through competitive exclusion may be particularly effective where S strain isolates are common. In addition to aflatoxin reduction, competitive exclusion of S strain isolates by L strain isolates may result in reduced overwintering by S strain isolates and lower toxicity resulting from sclerotial metabolites.
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Claims 9
Claim · model-written summary
Sclerotia of the S strain were observed in commercial seed cotton from western Arizona.
Verbatim
e1“Sclerotia of the S strain were observed in commercial seed cotton from western Arizona”
Claim · model-written summary
All eight S strain isolates formed sclerotia on locule surfaces after inoculation into developing cotton bolls.
- Taxon
- Cotton
Gossypium hirsutumt0 - Material
- S straine1
- Treatment
- inoculated into developing bolls via simulated pink bollworm exit holese1
- Outcome
- sclerotia on locule surfacese1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“Eight S strain isolates were inoculated into developing bolls via simulated pink bollworm exit holes. All eight isolates formed sclerotia on locule surfaces”
t0“Developing Cotton Bolls”
Claim · model-written summary
Seven of eight S strain isolates produced sclerotia within developing cotton seed.
- Taxon
- CottonGossypium hirsutumt0
- Outcome
- sclerotia within developing seede1
- Value
- seven of eighte1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“All eight isolates formed sclerotia on locule surfaces, and seven of eight isolates produced sclerotia within developing seed”
t0“Developing Cotton Bolls”
Claim · model-written summary
Sclerotia formed more in cotton bolls less than 31 days old at inoculation than in bolls older than 30 days.
- Taxon
- CottonGossypium hirsutumt0
- Treatment
- less than 31 days old at inoculatione1
- Outcome
- formation of sclerotiae1
- Direction
- Moree1
- Comparator
- older than 30 days at inoculatione1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“Boll age at inoculation influences formation of sclerotia. More sclerotia formed within bolls that were less than 31 days old at inoculation than in bolls older than 30 days at inoculation”
t0“Developing Cotton Bolls”
Claim · model-written summary
The atoxigenic L strain isolate AF36 reduced sclerotia and aflatoxin formation when coinoculated with S strain isolates in cotton bolls.
- Taxon
- CottonGossypium hirsutumt0
- Treatment
- Atoxigenic A. flavus L strain isolate AF36e1
- Interactor
- S strain isolatese1pathogen
- Second interactor
- Atoxigenic A. flavus L strain isolate AF36e1biocontrol_agent
- Outcome
- formation of both sclerotia and aflatoxine1
- Direction
- reducede1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“Atoxigenic A. flavus L strain isolate AF36 reduced formation of both sclerotia and aflatoxin when coinoculated with S strain isolates”
t0“Developing Cotton Bolls”
Claim · model-written summary
AF36 formed no sclerotia in developing cotton bolls.
- Taxon
- CottonGossypium hirsutumt0
- Material
- AF36e1
- Outcome
- formed no sclerotiae1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“AF36 formed no sclerotia in developing bolls”
t0“Developing Cotton Bolls”
Claim · model-written summary
AF36 was more effective than L strain isolates at preventing aflatoxin contamination of developing cottonseed by S strain isolates.
- Taxon
- CottonGossypium hirsutumt0
- Treatment
- AF36e1
- Interactor
- S strain isolatese1pathogen
- Second interactor
- AF36e1biocontrol_agent
- Outcome
- contaminating developing cottonseed with aflatoxinse1
- Direction
- more effectivee1
- Comparator
- L strain isolatese1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“AF36 formed no sclerotia in developing bolls and was more effective at preventing S strain isolates than L strain isolates from contaminating developing cottonseed with aflatoxins”
t0“Developing Cotton Bolls”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors suggest that atoxigenic L strain isolates may be particularly effective where S strain isolates are common.
- Taxon
- CottonGossypium hirsutumt0
- Outcome
- use of atoxigenic L strain isolates to prevent contamination through competitive exclusione1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“The use of atoxigenic L strain isolates to prevent contamination through competitive exclusion may be particularly effective where S strain isolates are common”
t0“Developing Cotton Bolls”
Claim · model-written summary
Competitive exclusion by L strain isolates may reduce overwintering of S strain isolates and lower sclerotial toxicity.
- Taxon
- CottonGossypium hirsutumt0
- Outcome
- reduced overwintering by S strain isolatese1
- Qualifier
- competitive exclusione1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“competitive exclusion of S strain isolates by L strain isolates may result in reduced overwintering by S strain isolates and lower toxicity resulting from sclerotial metabolites”
t0“Developing Cotton Bolls”
The same questions in other papers
Aspergillus flavus · disease · Gossypium hirsutum (cotton)Results agree
1 paper in the same direction as this paper
- positive
inoculation · disease · Gossypium hirsutum (cotton)Positive and negative results
23 papers in the same direction as this paper · 18 in the opposite direction
- positive
- positive
- positive
38 papers more in this group
See all 42 papers →Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.