Abstract
Functionally distinct Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) genes that positively affect root or shoot growth when ectopically expressed were combined to explore the feasibility of enhanced biomass production. Enhanced root growth resulting from cytokinin deficiency was obtained by overexpressing CYTOKININ OXIDASE/DEHYDROGENASE3 (CKX3) under the control of the root-specific PYK10 promoter. Plants harboring the PYK10-CKX3 construct were crossed with four different transgenic lines showing enhanced leaf growth. For all combinations, the phenotypic traits of the individual lines could be combined, resulting in an overall growth increase. Unexpectedly, three out of four combinations had more than additive effects. Both leaf and root growth were synergistically enhanced in plants ectopically expressing CKX3 and BRASSINOSTEROID INSENSITIVE1, indicating cross talk between cytokinins and brassinosteroids. In agreement, treatment of PYK10-CKX3 plants with brassinolide resulted in a dramatic increase in lateral root growth that could not be observed in wild-type plants. Coexpression of CKX3 and the GROWTH-REGULATING FACTOR5 (GRF5) antagonized the effects of GRF5 overexpression, revealing an interplay between cytokinins and GRF5 during leaf cell proliferation. The combined overexpression of CKX3 and GIBBERELLIN 20-OXIDASE1 led to a synergistic increase in leaf growth, suggesting an antagonistic growth control by cytokinins and gibberellins. Only additive effects on root and shoot growth were visible in plants ectopically expressing both CKX3 and ARABIDOPSIS VACUOLAR PYROPHOSPHATASE1, hinting at an independent action mode. Our results show new interactions and contribute to the molecular and physiological understanding of biomass production at the whole plant level.
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Claims 7
Claim · model-written summary
All transgenic combinations combined the parental traits and increased overall growth.
- Taxon
- Arabidopsis
Arabidopsist0 - Treatment
- all combinationse0
- Outcome
- overall growthe0
- Direction
- increasee0
- Comparator
- individual linese0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“For all combinations, the phenotypic traits of the individual lines could be combined, resulting in an overall growth increase”
t0“Arabidopsis”
Claim · model-written summary
Three of four transgenic combinations produced more than additive growth effects.
- Taxon
- ArabidopsisArabidopsist0
- Outcome
- more than additive effectse0
- Value
- three out of foure0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“three out of four combinations had more than additive effects”
t0“Arabidopsis”
Claim · model-written summary
Combined ectopic CKX3 and BRASSINOSTEROID INSENSITIVE1 expression synergistically enhanced leaf and root growth.
- Taxon
- ArabidopsisArabidopsist0
- Treatment
- ectopically expressing CKX3 and BRASSINOSTEROID INSENSITIVE1e0
- Gene
- CKX3e0
- Outcome
- leaf and root growthe0
- Direction
- synergistically enhancede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Both leaf and root growth were synergistically enhanced in plants ectopically expressing CKX3 and BRASSINOSTEROID INSENSITIVE1”
t0“Arabidopsis”
Claim · model-written summary
Brassinolide dramatically increased lateral root growth in PYK10-CKX3 plants.
- Taxon
- ArabidopsisArabidopsist0
- Material
- PYK10-CKX3 plantse0
- Treatment
- brassinolidee0
- Outcome
- lateral root growthe0
- Direction
- increasee0
- Comparator
- wild-type plantse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“treatment of PYK10-CKX3 plants with brassinolide resulted in a dramatic increase in lateral root growth that could not be observed in wild-type plants”
t0“Arabidopsis”
Claim · model-written summary
CKX3 coexpression antagonized the growth effect of GRF5 overexpression.
- Taxon
- ArabidopsisArabidopsist0
- Treatment
- Coexpression of CKX3 and the GROWTH-REGULATING FACTOR5 (GRF5)e0
- Gene
- CKX3e0
- Outcome
- effects of GRF5 overexpressione0
- Direction
- antagonizede0
- Comparator
- GRF5 overexpressione0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Coexpression of CKX3 and the GROWTH-REGULATING FACTOR5 (GRF5) antagonized the effects of GRF5 overexpression”
t0“Arabidopsis”
Claim · model-written summary
Combined CKX3 and GIBBERELLIN 20-OXIDASE1 overexpression synergistically increased leaf growth.
- Taxon
- ArabidopsisArabidopsist0
- Treatment
- combined overexpression of CKX3 and GIBBERELLIN 20-OXIDASE1e0
- Gene
- GIBBERELLIN 20-OXIDASE1e0
- Outcome
- leaf growthe0
- Direction
- increasee0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The combined overexpression of CKX3 and GIBBERELLIN 20-OXIDASE1 led to a synergistic increase in leaf growth”
t0“Arabidopsis”
Claim · model-written summary
Joint ectopic CKX3 and ARABIDOPSIS VACUOLAR PYROPHOSPHATASE1 expression showed additive root and shoot growth effects.
- Taxon
- ArabidopsisArabidopsist0
- Treatment
- ectopically expressing both CKX3 and ARABIDOPSIS VACUOLAR PYROPHOSPHATASE1e0
- Gene
- ARABIDOPSIS VACUOLAR PYROPHOSPHATASE1e0
- Outcome
- root and shoot growthe0
- Direction
- additive effectse0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Only additive effects on root and shoot growth were visible in plants ectopically expressing both CKX3 and ARABIDOPSIS VACUOLAR PYROPHOSPHATASE1”
t0“Arabidopsis”
The same questions in other papers
class · growth · ArabidopsisPositive and negative results
41 papers in the same direction as this paper · 28 in the opposite direction
- negative
- no effect
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