Abstract
SUMMARY The response of two cultivars of white clover (Aberystwyth S184 and New Zealand Grasslands Huia), grown under laboratory and field conditions, to inoculation with two endophytes ( Glomus mosseae L1 and Glomus etunicatus ) was investigated in two hill soils with various amounts of added phosphate. In the experiment with the deep peat soil in the laboratory, inoculation with either endophyte increased infection from 2% to up to 70%, the increase being less the higher the amount of added P. Shoot growth of white clover was significantly increased ( P ≤ 0.05) by inoculation at the 0 and 20 kg P ha −1 level and decreased at the highest level of added P (200 kg P ha −1 ). Both endophytes produced similar effects. With the brown earth soil, total infection of roots with indigenous endophytes ranged from 30 to 50 % and this was significantly ( P ≤ 0.05) increased by inoculation only at 40 kg P ha −1 . However, the introduced coarse endophytes had replaced between a quarter and a half of the predominantly fine indigenous endophyte at each level of added P. This change of endophyte was without significant effect on dry wt of shoots and roots although there was a general trend for inoculation, and with Glomus etunicatus more than with Glomus mosseae LI, to increase shoot and root dry wt. Inoculation also tended to increase the P content of shoots and roots but this was statistically significant only at 40 kg P ha −1 . In the field experiment with the deep peat soil, inoculation with Giomus mosseae L1 doubled the amount of infected root from 18 to 42% but there was no effect on shoot growth or the concentration of P. With the brown earth soil, although the amount of infection was not increased, the introduced coarse endophytes had become established in the roots but no effect on shoot growth was observed in the year of sowing. However, in the first harvest year, in the presence of 40 kg P ha −1 , clover inoculated with Glomus etunicatus produced double the amount of dry shoot per hectare produced by uninoculated plants and 75% greater than that produced with Glomus mosseae L1. These observations encourage the view that inoculation with mycorrhizal fungi of white clover for improved hill pastures might have a practical role if the responses could be made more predictable. It is concluded that further work is justified to understand the ecology of mycorrhizal fungi in hill pastures and how the symbiosis functions, to select suitable endophytes and to develop methods of inoculation appropriate for use in routine field practice.
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Claims 19
Claim · model-written summary
In deep peat soil, inoculation increased root infection from 2% to up to 70%.
- Taxon
- white clover
Trifolium repenst0 - Treatment
- inoculation with either endophytee0
- Interactor
- Glomus mosseae L1
Funneliformis mosseaee1symbiont - Outcome
- infectione0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- up to 70%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“inoculation with either endophyte increased infection from 2% to up to 70%”
t0“WHITE CLOVER”
e1“Glomus mosseae L1 and Glomus etunicatus”
Claim · model-written summary
The inoculation gain in infection diminished as added phosphorus increased.
- Taxon
- WHITE CLOVERTrifolium repenst0
- Treatment
- added Pe0
- Outcome
- increasee0
- Direction
- lesse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the increase being less the higher the amount of added P”
t0“WHITE CLOVER”
Claim · model-written summary
Inoculation significantly increased white clover shoot growth at 0 and 20 kg P ha −1.
- Taxon
- white cloverTrifolium repense0
- Treatment
- inoculatione0
- Outcome
- Shoot growthe0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Qualifier
- 0 and 20 kg P ha −1e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Shoot growth of white clover was significantly increased ( P ≤ 0.05) by inoculation at the 0 and 20 kg P ha −1 level”
Claim · model-written summary
At 200 kg P ha −1, inoculation decreased shoot growth.
- Taxon
- WHITE CLOVERTrifolium repenst0
- Treatment
- inoculatione1
- Outcome
- Shoot growthe1
- Direction
- decreasede0
- Qualifier
- 200 kg P ha −1e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“decreased at the highest level of added P (200 kg P ha −1 )”
t0“WHITE CLOVER”
e1“Shoot growth of white clover was significantly increased ( P ≤ 0.05) by inoculation”
Claim · model-written summary
Both mycorrhizal endophytes produced similar effects.
- Taxon
- WHITE CLOVERTrifolium repenst0
- Outcome
- similar effectse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Both endophytes produced similar effects”
t0“WHITE CLOVER”
Claim · model-written summary
In brown earth soil, indigenous endophyte infection ranged from 30 to 50%.
- Taxon
- WHITE CLOVERTrifolium repenst0
- Outcome
- total infection of roots with indigenous endophytese0
- Value
- 30 to 50 %e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“total infection of roots with indigenous endophytes ranged from 30 to 50 %”
t0“WHITE CLOVER”
Claim · model-written summary
Inoculation significantly increased root infection in brown earth soil only at 40 kg P ha −1.
- Taxon
- WHITE CLOVERTrifolium repenst0
- Treatment
- inoculatione0
- Outcome
- thise0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Qualifier
- 40 kg P ha −1e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“this was significantly ( P ≤ 0.05) increased by inoculation only at 40 kg P ha −1”
t0“WHITE CLOVER”
Claim · model-written summary
Introduced coarse endophytes replaced between a quarter and a half of indigenous endophytes at each phosphorus level.
- Taxon
- WHITE CLOVERTrifolium repenst0
- Outcome
- introduced coarse endophytes had replacede0
- Value
- between a quarter and a halfe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“introduced coarse endophytes had replaced between a quarter and a half of the predominantly fine indigenous endophyte at each level of added P”
t0“WHITE CLOVER”
Claim · model-written summary
Endophyte replacement had no significant effect on shoot and root dry weight.
- Taxon
- WHITE CLOVERTrifolium repenst0
- Treatment
- change of endophytee0
- Outcome
- dry wt of shoots and rootse0
- Direction
- without significant effecte0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“This change of endophyte was without significant effect on dry wt of shoots and roots”
t0“WHITE CLOVER”
Claim · model-written summary
Inoculation tended to increase shoot and root dry weight, particularly with G. etunicatus.
- Taxon
- WHITE CLOVERTrifolium repenst0
- Treatment
- inoculatione0
- Interactor
- Glomus etunicatuse0symbiont
- Outcome
- shoot and root dry wte0
- Direction
- increasee0
- Comparator
- Glomus mosseae LIe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“general trend for inoculation, and with Glomus etunicatus more than with Glomus mosseae LI, to increase shoot and root dry wt”
t0“WHITE CLOVER”
Claim · model-written summary
Inoculation tended to increase shoot and root phosphorus content, significantly only at 40 kg P ha −1.
- Taxon
- WHITE CLOVERTrifolium repenst0
- Treatment
- Inoculatione0
- Outcome
- P content of shoots and rootse0
- Direction
- increasee0
- Qualifier
- 40 kg P ha −1e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Inoculation also tended to increase the P content of shoots and roots but this was statistically significant only at 40 kg P ha −1”
t0“WHITE CLOVER”
Claim · model-written summary
Field inoculation with Giomus mosseae L1 raised infected root from 18 to 42%.
- Taxon
- WHITE CLOVERTrifolium repenst0
- Treatment
- inoculation with Giomus mosseae L1e0
- Interactor
- Giomus mosseae L1e0symbiont
- Outcome
- amount of infected roote0
- Direction
- doublede0
- Value
- 42%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“inoculation with Giomus mosseae L1 doubled the amount of infected root from 18 to 42%”
t0“WHITE CLOVER”
Claim · model-written summary
Field inoculation did not affect shoot growth or phosphorus concentration in deep peat soil.
- Taxon
- WHITE CLOVERTrifolium repenst0
- Treatment
- inoculatione1
- Outcome
- shoot growth or the concentration of Pe0
- Direction
- no effecte0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“there was no effect on shoot growth or the concentration of P”
t0“WHITE CLOVER”
e1“inoculation with Giomus mosseae L1”
Claim · model-written summary
In brown earth field soil, inoculation did not increase root infection.
- Taxon
- WHITE CLOVERTrifolium repenst0
- Treatment
- inoculatione1
- Outcome
- amount of infectione0
- Direction
- not increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the amount of infection was not increased”
t0“WHITE CLOVER”
e1“inoculation with Giomus mosseae L1”
Claim · model-written summary
Introduced coarse endophytes established in brown earth field roots.
- Taxon
- WHITE CLOVERTrifolium repenst0
- Outcome
- introduced coarse endophytes had become established in the rootse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“introduced coarse endophytes had become established in the roots”
t0“WHITE CLOVER”
Claim · model-written summary
Brown earth field inoculation had no effect on shoot growth in the sowing year.
- Taxon
- WHITE CLOVERTrifolium repenst0
- Treatment
- inoculatione1
- Outcome
- shoot growthe0
- Direction
- no effecte0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“no effect on shoot growth was observed in the year of sowing”
t0“WHITE CLOVER”
e1“inoculation with Giomus mosseae L1”
Claim · model-written summary
At 40 kg P ha −1, G. etunicatus inoculation doubled clover dry shoot yield relative to uninoculated plants.
- Treatment
- inoculated with Glomus etunicatuse0
- Interactor
- Glomus etunicatuse0symbiont
- Outcome
- dry shoot per hectaree0
- Direction
- doublee0
- Value
- doublee0
- Comparator
- uninoculated plantse0
TrifoliumOrganisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“clover inoculated with Glomus etunicatus produced double the amount of dry shoot per hectare produced by uninoculated plants”
Claim · model-written summary
G. etunicatus inoculation yielded 75% more dry shoot than G. mosseae L1 inoculation.
- Taxon
- WHITE CLOVERTrifolium repenst0
- Treatment
- Glomus etunicatuse1
- Interactor
- Glomus etunicatuse1symbiont
- Outcome
- dry shoote1
- Direction
- greatere0
- Value
- 75%e0
- Comparator
- Glomus mosseae L1e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“75% greater than that produced with Glomus mosseae L1”
t0“WHITE CLOVER”
e1“clover inoculated with Glomus etunicatus produced double the amount of dry shoot”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors recommend further work on mycorrhizal ecology, endophyte selection and field inoculation methods.
- Taxon
- WHITE CLOVERTrifolium repenst0
- Outcome
- further work is justifiede0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“further work is justified to understand the ecology of mycorrhizal fungi in hill pastures and how the symbiosis functions, to select suitable endophytes and to develop methods of inoculation appropriate for use in routine field practice”
t0“WHITE CLOVER”
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See all 11 papers →Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.