Abstract
Fusarium graminearum is a ubiquitous pathogen of cereal crops, including wheat, barley, and maize. Diseases caused by F. graminearum are of particular concern because harvested grains frequently are contaminated with harmful mycotoxins such as deoxynivalenol (DON). In this study, we explored the role of Ras GTPases in pathogenesis. The genome of F. graminearum contains two putative Ras GTPase-encoding genes. The two genes (RAS1 and RAS2) showed different patterns of expression under different conditions of nutrient availability and in various mutant backgrounds. RAS2 was dispensable for survival but, when disrupted, caused a variety of morphological defects, including slower growth on solid media, delayed spore germination, and significant reductions in virulence on wheat heads and maize silks. Intracellular cAMP levels were not affected by deletion of RAS2 and exogenous treatment of the ras2 mutant with cAMP did not affect phenotypic abnormalities, thus indicating that RAS2 plays a minor or no role in cAMP signaling. However, phosphorylation of the mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase Gpmk1 and expression of a secreted lipase (FGL1) required for infection were reduced significantly in the ras2 mutant. Based on these observations, we hypothesize that RAS2 regulates growth and virulence in F. graminearum by regulating the Gpmk1 MAP kinase pathway.
Abstract from the paper’s OpenAlex record, shown for indexing and research. Copyright remains with the authors or the publisher. Read at the source ↗
The text the model read, with the source record’s inline markup (italics, sub- and superscripts) rendered and its character entities decoded; quote offsets refer to the raw text.
Claims 11
Claim · model-written summary
The two Ras GTPase genes RAS1 and RAS2 of Fusarium graminearum showed different expression patterns under different nutrient availability and in various mutant backgrounds.
- Taxon
- Fusarium graminearum
_on_Corn_(Zea_mays)_at_Waimea%2C_Hawaii.jpg?width=60)
Fusarium graminearumt0 - Gene
- RAS1 and RAS2e0
- Outcome
- patterns of expressione0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
_on_Corn_(Zea_mays)_at_Waimea%2C_Hawaii.jpg?width=500)
Verbatim
e0“The two genes (RAS1 and RAS2) showed different patterns of expression under different conditions of nutrient availability and in various mutant backgrounds”
t0“Fusarium graminearum”
Claim · model-written summary
Disruption of RAS2 in F. graminearum slowed growth on solid media.
- Taxon
- Fusarium graminearumFusarium graminearumt0
- Treatment
- disruptede0
- Gene
- RAS2e0
- Outcome
- growth on solid mediae0
- Direction
- slowere0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“RAS2 was dispensable for survival but, when disrupted, caused a variety of morphological defects, including slower growth on solid media”
t0“Fusarium graminearum”
Claim · model-written summary
Disruption of RAS2 in F. graminearum delayed spore germination.
- Taxon
- Fusarium graminearumFusarium graminearumt0
- Treatment
- disruptede0
- Gene
- RAS2e0
- Outcome
- spore germinatione0
- Direction
- delayede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“RAS2 was dispensable for survival but, when disrupted, caused a variety of morphological defects, including slower growth on solid media, delayed spore germination”
t0“Fusarium graminearum”
Claim · model-written summary
Disruption of RAS2 significantly reduced F. graminearum virulence on wheat heads.
- Taxon
- Fusarium graminearumFusarium graminearumt0
- Organ / stage
- wheat headse0
- Treatment
- disruptede0
- Interactor
- wheat
Triticum aestivume0host - Gene
- RAS2e0
- Outcome
- virulencee0
- Direction
- reductionse0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“RAS2 was dispensable for survival but, when disrupted, caused a variety of morphological defects, including slower growth on solid media, delayed spore germination, and significant reductions in virulence on wheat heads”
t0“Fusarium graminearum”
Claim · model-written summary
Disruption of RAS2 significantly reduced F. graminearum virulence on maize silks.
- Taxon
- Fusarium graminearumFusarium graminearumt0
- Organ / stage
- maize silkse0
- Treatment
- disruptede0
- Gene
- RAS2e0
- Outcome
- virulencee0
- Direction
- reductionse0
Zea maysNot reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“RAS2 was dispensable for survival but, when disrupted, caused a variety of morphological defects, including slower growth on solid media, delayed spore germination, and significant reductions in virulence on wheat heads and maize silks”
t0“Fusarium graminearum”
Claim · model-written summary
Intracellular cAMP levels were not affected by deletion of RAS2 in F. graminearum.
- Taxon
- Fusarium graminearumFusarium graminearumt0
- Treatment
- deletion of RAS2e0
- Gene
- RAS2e0
- Outcome
- Intracellular cAMP levelse0
- Direction
- not affectede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Intracellular cAMP levels were not affected by deletion of RAS2”
t0“Fusarium graminearum”
Claim · model-written summary
Exogenous cAMP treatment of the ras2 mutant did not affect its phenotypic abnormalities.
- Taxon
- Fusarium graminearumFusarium graminearumt0
- Material
- ras2 mutante0
- Treatment
- exogenous treatment of the ras2 mutant with cAMPe0
- Outcome
- phenotypic abnormalitiese0
- Direction
- did not affecte0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“exogenous treatment of the ras2 mutant with cAMP did not affect phenotypic abnormalities”
t0“Fusarium graminearum”
Claim · model-written summary
Phosphorylation of the MAP kinase Gpmk1 was significantly reduced in the F. graminearum ras2 mutant.
- Taxon
- Fusarium graminearumFusarium graminearumt0
- Treatment
- ras2 mutante0
- Gene
- Gpmk1e0
- Outcome
- phosphorylatione0
- Direction
- reducede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“phosphorylation of the mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase Gpmk1 and expression of a secreted lipase (FGL1) required for infection were reduced significantly in the ras2 mutant”
t0“Fusarium graminearum”
Claim · model-written summary
Expression of the secreted lipase FGL1, required for infection, was significantly reduced in the F. graminearum ras2 mutant.
- Taxon
- Fusarium graminearumFusarium graminearumt0
- Treatment
- ras2 mutante0
- Gene
- FGL1e0
- Outcome
- expression of a secreted lipasee0
- Direction
- reducede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“phosphorylation of the mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase Gpmk1 and expression of a secreted lipase (FGL1) required for infection were reduced significantly in the ras2 mutant”
t0“Fusarium graminearum”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors conclude that RAS2 plays a minor or no role in cAMP signaling in F. graminearum.
- Taxon
- Fusarium graminearumFusarium graminearumt0
- Gene
- RAS2e0
- Outcome
- role in cAMP signalinge0
- Qualifier
- minor or no rolee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“thus indicating that RAS2 plays a minor or no role in cAMP signaling”
t0“Fusarium graminearum”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors hypothesize that RAS2 regulates growth and virulence in F. graminearum by regulating the Gpmk1 MAP kinase pathway.
- Taxon
- F. graminearumFusarium graminearume0
- Gene
- RAS2e0
- Outcome
- growth and virulencee0
- Qualifier
- regulating the Gpmk1 MAP kinase pathwaye0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“we hypothesize that RAS2 regulates growth and virulence in F. graminearum by regulating the Gpmk1 MAP kinase pathway”
The same questions in other papers
loss of function · Triticum aestivum · Fusarium graminearumPositive and negative results
2 in the opposite direction
- negative
- negative
loss of function · molecular: metabolites · Fusarium graminearumResults agree
1 paper in the same direction as this paper
- negative
Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.