Abstract
Two assays were conducted to investigate the changes of faba bean (Vicia faba L.) and azuki bean (Vigna angularis L.) phosphatases (phytase [Phy] and acid phosphatase [AcPh]) and the degradation of its substrates (inositol phosphate esters) during seed germination. The 1st assay was to establish the optimal germination conditions of faba bean and azuki bean to improve the endogenous phosphatases and increase the hydrolysis of phytate and, in the second assay, to determine the different lower phosphate esters of myo-inositol produced during the germination process. In the 1st assay, seeds were soaked for 12 and 24 h and germinated for 3 and 5 d with and without the addition of gibberellic acid (GA(3) ). In the second assay, seeds were soaked for 12 h and germinated for 1, 3, and 5 d with GA(3) . Phy (up to 3625 and 1340 U/kg) and AcPh (up to 9456 and 2740 U/g) activities, and inositol hexaphosphate (IP6) (8.23 and 7.46 mg/g), inositol pentaphosphate (IP5) (0.55 and 0.82 mg/g), and inositol tetraphosphate (IP4) (0.26 and 0.01 mg/g) were detected in ungerminated faba bean and azuki bean, respectively. The germination process caused a significant increase of Phy and AcPh activities in faba bean (up to 147% and 210%) and azuki bean (up to 211% and 596%) and a reduction in the phytate phosphorus content (up to 81% and 63%, respectively). Phytate phosphorus content was affected only by soaking time in the case of faba bean. Finally, during the course of germination, IP6 and IP5 were rapidly degraded in faba bean (88% and 39%) and azuki bean (55% and 56%), and IP4 was only a short-living intermediate, which was increased during hydrolysis and degraded to inositol triphosphate. In this manner we could obtain a low-phytate, endogenous phosphatase-rich ingredient for enhancing human nutrition.
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Claims 20
Claim · model-written summary
Ungerminated faba bean had Phy activity up to 3625 U/kg.
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Phy (up to 3625 and 1340 U/kg) and AcPh (up to 9456 and 2740 U/g) activities, and inositol hexaphosphate (IP6) (8.23 and 7.46 mg/g), inositol pentaphosphate (IP5) (0.55 and 0.82 mg/g), and inositol tetraphosphate (IP4) (0.26 and 0.01 mg/g) were detected in ungerminated faba bean and azuki bean, respectively.”
Claim · model-written summary
Ungerminated azuki bean had Phy activity up to 1340 U/kg.
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Phy (up to 3625 and 1340 U/kg) and AcPh (up to 9456 and 2740 U/g) activities, and inositol hexaphosphate (IP6) (8.23 and 7.46 mg/g), inositol pentaphosphate (IP5) (0.55 and 0.82 mg/g), and inositol tetraphosphate (IP4) (0.26 and 0.01 mg/g) were detected in ungerminated faba bean and azuki bean, respectively.”
Claim · model-written summary
Ungerminated faba bean had AcPh activity up to 9456 U/g.
- Taxon
- faba bean
Vicia fabae0 - Organ / stage
- ungerminatede0
- Gene
- AcPhe0
- Outcome
- AcPhe0
- Value
- 9456 and 2740 U/ge0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Phy (up to 3625 and 1340 U/kg) and AcPh (up to 9456 and 2740 U/g) activities, and inositol hexaphosphate (IP6) (8.23 and 7.46 mg/g), inositol pentaphosphate (IP5) (0.55 and 0.82 mg/g), and inositol tetraphosphate (IP4) (0.26 and 0.01 mg/g) were detected in ungerminated faba bean and azuki bean, respectively.”
Claim · model-written summary
Ungerminated azuki bean had AcPh activity up to 2740 U/g.
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Phy (up to 3625 and 1340 U/kg) and AcPh (up to 9456 and 2740 U/g) activities, and inositol hexaphosphate (IP6) (8.23 and 7.46 mg/g), inositol pentaphosphate (IP5) (0.55 and 0.82 mg/g), and inositol tetraphosphate (IP4) (0.26 and 0.01 mg/g) were detected in ungerminated faba bean and azuki bean, respectively.”
Claim · model-written summary
Ungerminated faba bean contained IP6 at 8.23 mg/g.
- Taxon
- faba beanVicia fabae0
- Organ / stage
- ungerminatede0
- Outcome
- inositol hexaphosphate (IP6)e0
- Value
- 8.23 and 7.46 mg/ge0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“inositol hexaphosphate (IP6) (8.23 and 7.46 mg/g), inositol pentaphosphate (IP5) (0.55 and 0.82 mg/g), and inositol tetraphosphate (IP4) (0.26 and 0.01 mg/g) were detected in ungerminated faba bean and azuki bean, respectively.”
Claim · model-written summary
Ungerminated azuki bean contained IP6 at 7.46 mg/g.
- Taxon
- azuki bean
Vigna angularise0 - Organ / stage
- ungerminatede0
- Outcome
- inositol hexaphosphate (IP6)e0
- Value
- 7.46 mg/ge0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“inositol hexaphosphate (IP6) (8.23 and 7.46 mg/g), inositol pentaphosphate (IP5) (0.55 and 0.82 mg/g), and inositol tetraphosphate (IP4) (0.26 and 0.01 mg/g) were detected in ungerminated faba bean and azuki bean, respectively.”
Claim · model-written summary
Ungerminated faba bean contained IP5 at 0.55 mg/g.
- Taxon
- faba beanVicia fabae0
- Organ / stage
- ungerminatede0
- Outcome
- inositol pentaphosphate (IP5)e0
- Value
- 0.55 and 0.82 mg/ge0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“inositol pentaphosphate (IP5) (0.55 and 0.82 mg/g), and inositol tetraphosphate (IP4) (0.26 and 0.01 mg/g) were detected in ungerminated faba bean and azuki bean, respectively.”
Claim · model-written summary
Ungerminated azuki bean contained IP5 at 0.82 mg/g.
- Taxon
- azuki beanVigna angularise0
- Organ / stage
- ungerminatede0
- Outcome
- inositol pentaphosphate (IP5)e0
- Value
- 0.82 mg/ge0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“inositol pentaphosphate (IP5) (0.55 and 0.82 mg/g), and inositol tetraphosphate (IP4) (0.26 and 0.01 mg/g) were detected in ungerminated faba bean and azuki bean, respectively.”
Claim · model-written summary
Ungerminated faba bean contained IP4 at 0.26 mg/g.
- Taxon
- faba beanVicia fabae0
- Organ / stage
- ungerminatede0
- Outcome
- inositol tetraphosphate (IP4)e0
- Value
- 0.26 and 0.01 mg/ge0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“inositol tetraphosphate (IP4) (0.26 and 0.01 mg/g) were detected in ungerminated faba bean and azuki bean, respectively.”
Claim · model-written summary
Ungerminated azuki bean contained IP4 at 0.01 mg/g.
- Taxon
- azuki beanVigna angularise0
- Organ / stage
- ungerminatede0
- Outcome
- inositol tetraphosphate (IP4)e0
- Value
- 0.01 mg/ge0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“inositol tetraphosphate (IP4) (0.26 and 0.01 mg/g) were detected in ungerminated faba bean and azuki bean, respectively.”
Claim · model-written summary
Germination increased faba bean Phy activity by up to 147%.
- Taxon
- faba beanVicia fabae0
- Treatment
- germination processe0
- Gene
- Phye0
- Outcome
- Phye0
- Direction
- increasee0
- Value
- 147%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The germination process caused a significant increase of Phy and AcPh activities in faba bean (up to 147% and 210%) and azuki bean (up to 211% and 596%) and a reduction in the phytate phosphorus content (up to 81% and 63%, respectively).”
Claim · model-written summary
Germination increased faba bean AcPh activity by up to 210%.
- Taxon
- faba beanVicia fabae0
- Treatment
- germination processe0
- Gene
- AcPhe0
- Outcome
- AcPh activitiese0
- Direction
- increasee0
- Value
- 210%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The germination process caused a significant increase of Phy and AcPh activities in faba bean (up to 147% and 210%) and azuki bean (up to 211% and 596%) and a reduction in the phytate phosphorus content (up to 81% and 63%, respectively).”
Claim · model-written summary
Germination increased azuki bean Phy activity by up to 211%.
- Taxon
- azuki beanVigna angularise0
- Treatment
- germination processe0
- Gene
- Phye0
- Outcome
- Phye0
- Direction
- increasee0
- Value
- 211%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The germination process caused a significant increase of Phy and AcPh activities in faba bean (up to 147% and 210%) and azuki bean (up to 211% and 596%) and a reduction in the phytate phosphorus content (up to 81% and 63%, respectively).”
Claim · model-written summary
Germination increased azuki bean AcPh activity by up to 596%.
- Taxon
- azuki beanVigna angularise0
- Treatment
- germination processe0
- Gene
- AcPhe0
- Outcome
- AcPh activitiese0
- Direction
- increasee0
- Value
- 596%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The germination process caused a significant increase of Phy and AcPh activities in faba bean (up to 147% and 210%) and azuki bean (up to 211% and 596%) and a reduction in the phytate phosphorus content (up to 81% and 63%, respectively).”
Claim · model-written summary
Germination reduced faba bean phytate phosphorus content by up to 81%.
- Taxon
- faba beanVicia fabae0
- Treatment
- germination processe0
- Outcome
- phytate phosphorus contente0
- Direction
- reductione0
- Value
- 81%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The germination process caused a significant increase of Phy and AcPh activities in faba bean (up to 147% and 210%) and azuki bean (up to 211% and 596%) and a reduction in the phytate phosphorus content (up to 81% and 63%, respectively).”
Claim · model-written summary
Germination reduced azuki bean phytate phosphorus content by up to 63%.
- Taxon
- azuki beanVigna angularise0
- Treatment
- germination processe0
- Outcome
- phytate phosphorus contente0
- Direction
- reductione0
- Value
- 63%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The germination process caused a significant increase of Phy and AcPh activities in faba bean (up to 147% and 210%) and azuki bean (up to 211% and 596%) and a reduction in the phytate phosphorus content (up to 81% and 63%, respectively).”
Claim · model-written summary
Faba bean phytate phosphorus content was affected only by soaking time.
- Taxon
- faba beanVicia fabae0
- Treatment
- soaking timee0
- Outcome
- Phytate phosphorus contente0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Phytate phosphorus content was affected only by soaking time in the case of faba bean.”
Claim · model-written summary
Germination degraded faba bean IP6 by 88% and IP5 by 39%.
- Taxon
- faba beanVicia fabae0
- Treatment
- germinatione0
- Outcome
- IP6 and IP5e0
- Direction
- degradede0
- Value
- 88% and 39%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“during the course of germination, IP6 and IP5 were rapidly degraded in faba bean (88% and 39%) and azuki bean (55% and 56%)”
Claim · model-written summary
Germination degraded azuki bean IP6 by 55% and IP5 by 56%.
- Taxon
- azuki beanVigna angularise0
- Treatment
- germinatione0
- Outcome
- IP6 and IP5e0
- Direction
- degradede0
- Value
- 55% and 56%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“during the course of germination, IP6 and IP5 were rapidly degraded in faba bean (88% and 39%) and azuki bean (55% and 56%)”
Claim · model-written summary
IP4 was a short-lived intermediate that increased during hydrolysis and degraded to inositol triphosphate.
- Taxon
- Faba BeanVicia fabat0
- Outcome
- IP4 was only a short-living intermediatee0
- Qualifier
- increased during hydrolysis and degraded to inositol triphosphatee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“IP4 was only a short-living intermediate, which was increased during hydrolysis and degraded to inositol triphosphate.”
t0“Faba Bean ( Vicia faba L.) and Azuki Bean”
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