Abstract
Fruit ripening in tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) is a complicated development process affected by both endogenous hormonal and genetic regulators and external signals. Although the role of NOR, a member of the NAC domain family, in mediating tomato fruit ripening has been established, its underlying molecular mechanisms remain unclear. To explore further the role of NAC transcription factors in fruit ripening, we characterized a new tomato NAC domain protein, named SlNAC4, which shows high accumulation in sepal and at the onset of fruit ripening. Various stress treatments including wounding, NaCl, dehydration and low temperature significantly increased the expression of SlNAC4. Reduced expression of SlNAC4 by RNA interference (RNAi) in tomato resulted in delayed fruit ripening, suppressed Chl breakdown and decreased ethylene synthesis mediated mainly through reduced expression of ethylene biosynthesis genes of system-2, and reduced carotenoids by alteration of the carotenoid pathway flux. Transgenic tomato fruits also displayed significant down-regulation of multiple ripening-associated genes, indicating that SlNAC4 functions as a positive regulator of fruit ripening by affecting ethylene synthesis and carotenoid accumulation. Moreover, we also noted that SlNAC4 could not be induced by ethylene and may function upstream of the ripening regulator RIN and positively regulate its expression. Yeast two-hybrid assay further revealed that SlNAC4 could interact with both RIN and NOR protein. These results suggested that ethylene-dependent and -independent processes are regulated by SlNAC4 in the fruit ripening regulatory network.
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Claims 14
Claim · model-written summary
SlNAC4 accumulated strongly in sepals and at the onset of tomato fruit ripening.
- Taxon
- Tomato
Solanum lycopersicumt0 - Organ / stage
- sepal and at the onset of fruit ripeninge0
- Gene
- SlNAC4e0
- Outcome
- high accumulatione0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“SlNAC4, which shows high accumulation in sepal and at the onset of fruit ripening”
t0“Tomato”
Claim · model-written summary
Wounding increased SlNAC4 expression.
- Taxon
- TomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- woundinge0
- Gene
- SlNAC4e0
- Outcome
- expression of SlNAC4e0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Various stress treatments including wounding, NaCl, dehydration and low temperature significantly increased the expression of SlNAC4”
t0“Tomato”
Claim · model-written summary
NaCl increased SlNAC4 expression.
- Taxon
- TomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- NaCle0
- Gene
- SlNAC4e0
- Outcome
- expression of SlNAC4e0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Various stress treatments including wounding, NaCl, dehydration and low temperature significantly increased the expression of SlNAC4”
t0“Tomato”
Claim · model-written summary
Dehydration increased SlNAC4 expression.
- Taxon
- TomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- dehydratione0
- Gene
- SlNAC4e0
- Outcome
- expression of SlNAC4e0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Various stress treatments including wounding, NaCl, dehydration and low temperature significantly increased the expression of SlNAC4”
t0“Tomato”
Claim · model-written summary
Low temperature increased SlNAC4 expression.
- Taxon
- TomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- low temperaturee0
- Gene
- SlNAC4e0
- Outcome
- expression of SlNAC4e0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Various stress treatments including wounding, NaCl, dehydration and low temperature significantly increased the expression of SlNAC4”
t0“Tomato”
Claim · model-written summary
RNA interference against SlNAC4 delayed tomato fruit ripening.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicume0
- Treatment
- RNA interference (RNAi)e0
- Gene
- SlNAC4e0
- Outcome
- fruit ripeninge0
- Direction
- delayede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Reduced expression of SlNAC4 by RNA interference (RNAi) in tomato resulted in delayed fruit ripening”
Claim · model-written summary
SlNAC4 RNA interference suppressed chlorophyll breakdown.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicume0
- Treatment
- RNA interference (RNAi)e0
- Gene
- SlNAC4e0
- Outcome
- Chl breakdowne0
- Direction
- suppressede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Reduced expression of SlNAC4 by RNA interference (RNAi) in tomato resulted in delayed fruit ripening, suppressed Chl breakdown”
Claim · model-written summary
SlNAC4 RNA interference decreased ethylene synthesis.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicume0
- Treatment
- RNA interference (RNAi)e0
- Gene
- SlNAC4e0
- Outcome
- ethylene synthesise0
- Direction
- decreasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Reduced expression of SlNAC4 by RNA interference (RNAi) in tomato resulted in delayed fruit ripening, suppressed Chl breakdown and decreased ethylene synthesis”
Claim · model-written summary
Lower ethylene synthesis was mainly mediated by reduced expression of system-2 ethylene biosynthesis genes.
- Taxon
- TomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Gene
- ethylene biosynthesis genes of system-2e0
- Outcome
- ethylene synthesise0
- Qualifier
- reduced expressione0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“decreased ethylene synthesis mediated mainly through reduced expression of ethylene biosynthesis genes of system-2”
t0“Tomato”
Claim · model-written summary
SlNAC4 RNA interference reduced carotenoids through altered carotenoid pathway flux.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicume0
- Treatment
- RNA interference (RNAi)e0
- Gene
- SlNAC4e0
- Outcome
- carotenoidse0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Qualifier
- alteration of the carotenoid pathway fluxe0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Reduced expression of SlNAC4 by RNA interference (RNAi) in tomato resulted in delayed fruit ripening, suppressed Chl breakdown and decreased ethylene synthesis mediated mainly through reduced expression of ethylene biosynthesis genes of system-2, and reduced carotenoids by alteration of the carotenoid pathway flux”
Claim · model-written summary
Transgenic tomato fruit had significant down-regulation of multiple ripening-associated genes.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicume0
- Material
- Transgenic tomato fruitse0
- Outcome
- multiple ripening-associated genese0
- Direction
- down-regulatione0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Transgenic tomato fruits also displayed significant down-regulation of multiple ripening-associated genes”
Claim · model-written summary
Ethylene did not induce SlNAC4.
- Taxon
- TomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- ethylenee0
- Gene
- SlNAC4e0
- Outcome
- SlNAC4e0
- Direction
- could not be inducede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“SlNAC4 could not be induced by ethylene”
t0“Tomato”
Claim · model-written summary
SlNAC4 may act upstream of RIN and positively regulate RIN expression.
- Taxon
- TomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Gene
- SlNAC4t1
- Outcome
- its expressione0
- Qualifier
- upstream of the ripening regulator RINe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“may function upstream of the ripening regulator RIN and positively regulate its expression”
t0“Tomato”
t1“SlNAC4”
Claim · model-written summary
SlNAC4 interacted with RIN protein in a yeast two-hybrid assay.
- Taxon
- TomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Gene
- SlNAC4e0
- Outcome
- interact with both RIN and NOR proteine0
- Setting
- Yeast two-hybrid assaye0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Yeast two-hybrid assay further revealed that SlNAC4 could interact with both RIN and NOR protein”
t0“Tomato”
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