Abstract
Maize and soybean are commonly intercropped in the drier zones of the western mid-hills in Nepal, but farmers report that productivity of soybean has been declining in recent years. Two researcher managed on-farm field experiments were conducted in the mid-hills environment of Nepal during 2001 and 2002, and one glasshouse experiment at the University of Wales, Bangor during 2003, to determine whether varying densities of maize and soybean influenced productivity of the system and to what extent soybean exhibited adaptation to shade. In neither season was maize yield affected by the presence of soybean, but grain yield of soybean was reduced in mixture by means of 59 and 53% during 2001 and 2002 respectively. Biomass and grain yield of maize were greatest at 53×10 3 plants ha −1 and least at the lowest density, whilst conversely biomass and grain yield of soybean increased. With increasing maize density, rates of accumulation of dry matter and leaf area index also increased, the latter resulting in decreasing transmission of light to the intercropped soybean. Soybean exhibited no photosynthetic adaptation to shade, but the specific leaf area was greater in artificially shaded and intercropped plants. Land equivalent ratios of all intercrops were greater than unity (1.30 to 1.45), indicating higher efficiency of intercropping compared to sole crops. Given the low plasticity in response of the maize canopy to variations in density, it is suggested that soybean could be better grown under maize by increasing between-row spacing of maize from 0.75 to 1.0 m to improve light transmission to the understorey, resulting in higher overall productivity of the intercropping system, and also that soybean germplasm be screened for adaptation to shade.
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Claims 14
Claim · model-written summary
Soybean presence did not affect maize yield in either season.
- Treatment
- presence of soybeane0
- Outcome
- maize yielde0
- Direction
- neither season was maize yield affectede0
Zea maysNot reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“In neither season was maize yield affected by the presence of soybean”
Claim · model-written summary
Soybean grain yield in mixtures was 59% lower in 2001.
- Taxon
- soybean
Glycine maxe0 - Treatment
- mixturee0
- Outcome
- grain yield of soybeane0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Qualifier
- 2001e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“grain yield of soybean was reduced in mixture by means of 59 and 53% during 2001 and 2002 respectively.”
Claim · model-written summary
Soybean grain yield in mixtures was 53% lower in 2002.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxe0
- Treatment
- mixturee0
- Outcome
- grain yield of soybeane0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Value
- 53%e1
- Qualifier
- 2002e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“grain yield of soybean was reduced in mixture by means of 59 and 53% during 2001 and 2002 respectively.”
e1“53%”
Claim · model-written summary
Maize biomass and grain yield were greatest at 53×10 3 plants ha −1 and least at the lowest density.
- Treatment
- 53×10 3 plants ha −1e0
- Outcome
- Biomass and grain yield of maizee0
- Direction
- greateste0
- Comparator
- lowest densitye0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Biomass and grain yield of maize were greatest at 53×10 3 plants ha −1 and least at the lowest density”
Claim · model-written summary
Soybean biomass and grain yield increased as maize density decreased.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxe0
- Treatment
- maize densitye1
- Outcome
- biomass and grain yield of soybeane0
- Direction
- increasede0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“whilst conversely biomass and grain yield of soybean increased.”
e1“With increasing maize density”
Claim · model-written summary
Dry matter accumulation increased with maize density.
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“With increasing maize density, rates of accumulation of dry matter and leaf area index also increased”
Claim · model-written summary
Leaf area index increased with maize density, reducing light transmission to intercropped soybean.
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“With increasing maize density, rates of accumulation of dry matter and leaf area index also increased, the latter resulting in decreasing transmission of light to the intercropped soybean.”
Claim · model-written summary
Light transmission to intercropped soybean decreased as maize leaf area index increased.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxe0
- Treatment
- leaf area indexe0
- Outcome
- transmission of light to the intercropped soybeane0
- Direction
- decreasinge0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“leaf area index also increased, the latter resulting in decreasing transmission of light to the intercropped soybean.”
Claim · model-written summary
Soybean showed no photosynthetic adaptation to shade.
- Taxon
- SoybeanGlycine maxe0
- Outcome
- no photosynthetic adaptation to shadee0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Soybean exhibited no photosynthetic adaptation to shade”
Claim · model-written summary
Specific leaf area was greater in artificially shaded soybean plants.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxt0
- Treatment
- artificially shadede0
- Outcome
- specific leaf areae0
- Direction
- greatere0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the specific leaf area was greater in artificially shaded and intercropped plants.”
t0“SOYBEAN”
Claim · model-written summary
Specific leaf area was greater in intercropped soybean plants.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxt0
- Treatment
- intercroppede0
- Outcome
- specific leaf areae0
- Direction
- greatere0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the specific leaf area was greater in artificially shaded and intercropped plants.”
t0“SOYBEAN”
Claim · model-written summary
All maize-soybean intercrops had land equivalent ratios above one, ranging from 1.30 to 1.45.
- Outcome
- Land equivalent ratios of all intercropse0
- Direction
- greater than unitye0
- Value
- 1.30 to 1.45e0
- Comparator
- sole cropse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Land equivalent ratios of all intercrops were greater than unity (1.30 to 1.45), indicating higher efficiency of intercropping compared to sole crops.”
t0“INTERCROPPED MAIZE”
Claim · model-written summary
Authors suggest increasing maize between-row spacing from 0.75 to 1.0 m to improve soybean light and system productivity.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxe0
- Outcome
- increasing between-row spacing of maize from 0.75 to 1.0 me0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“it is suggested that soybean could be better grown under maize by increasing between-row spacing of maize from 0.75 to 1.0 m to improve light transmission to the understorey, resulting in higher overall productivity of the intercropping system”
Claim · model-written summary
Authors suggest screening soybean germplasm for shade adaptation.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxe0
- Outcome
- screened for adaptation to shadee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“soybean germplasm be screened for adaptation to shade.”
The same questions in other papers
Glycine max · yield · Zea mays (maize)Positive and negative results
24 papers in the same direction as this paper · 155 in the opposite direction
- positive
- positive
- no effect
176 papers more in this group
See all 180 papers →Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.