Abstract
Responses to selected chemical growth retardants (daminozide, paclobutrazol, and prohexadione-Ca) and GA 1 and GA 3 under photoselective greenhouse covers with various phytochrome photoequilibrium estimates (φ e ) were evaluated using `Bright Golden Anne' chrysanthemum [ Dendranthema × grandiflora Kitam. (syn. Chrysanthemum morifolium Ramat.)] as the model plant to better understand the height control mechanism by far red (FR) light depleted environments. Plant height linearly decreased as φ e increased from 0.72 to 0.83. The rate of height decrease of daminozide treated plants was less than that of water (control) or GA 3 -treated plants. The rate of height reduction was not different between control and GA 3 -treated plants among chambers with various φ e . Both paclobutrazol and prohexadione-Ca reduced plant height regardless of φ e , but the height reduction by paclobutrazol was more than that by prohexadioneCa. The combination of paclobutrazol and prohexadione-Ca reduced plant height more than either alone. GA 1 reversed the height reduction caused by paclobutrazol and prohexadione-Ca regardless of φ e , but the height increase by GA 1 was more when it was applied with prohexadione-Ca than when applied alone. Results show that photoselective covers with high φ e were effective in controlling height of chrysanthemums without chemical growth retardants. The linear relationship between plant height and φ e suggests that effectiveness of photoselective covers increased as φ e increased. The photosynthetic photon flux (PPF) transmission of photoselective covers decreased as the φ e increased because of the increasing dye concentration. Identifying photoselective covers that effectively filter out FR light from sunlight and reduce plant height while minimizing the PPF reduction is critical for commercial success of photoselective covers. Gibberellins are, at least partially, involved in height control by photoselective covers. Photoselective greenhouse covers did not reduce responsiveness to gibberellins, and it appears that the mechanism may be to suppress gibberellin biosynthesis. Results also suggest that increased metabolism of GA 1 to GA 8 was not the mechanism of height control by photoselective covers. Chemical names used: butanedioic acid mono (2,2-dimethylhydrazide) [daminozide]; (±)-(R * ,R * )-b-((4-chlorophenyl)methyl)-a-(1,1-dimethylethyl)-1H-1,2,4-triazole-1-ethanol [paclobutrazol]; 3,5-dioxo-4-(1-oxopropyl)cyclohexanecarboxylic acid [prohexadione-Ca]; gibberellic acid [GA].
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Claims 16
Claim · model-written summary
Plant height of chrysanthemum decreased linearly as the phytochrome photoequilibrium (φe) of the cover increased from 0.72 to 0.83.
- Taxon
- chrysanthemum
.jpeg?width=60)
Chrysanthemume0 - Treatment
- φ ee1
- Outcome
- Plant heighte1
- Direction
- decreasede1
- Value
- 0.72 to 0.83e1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
.jpeg?width=500)
Verbatim
e0“Bright Golden Anne' chrysanthemum”
e1“Plant height linearly decreased as φ e increased from 0.72 to 0.83”
Claim · model-written summary
Daminozide reduced plant height more slowly than the water control.
- Taxon
- chrysanthemumChrysanthemume0
- Treatment
- daminozidee2
- Outcome
- rate of height decreasee2
- Direction
- lesse2
- Comparator
- water (control)e2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Bright Golden Anne' chrysanthemum”
e2“The rate of height decrease of daminozide treated plants was less than that of water (control) or GA 3 -treated plants”
Claim · model-written summary
GA 3 did not change the rate of height reduction relative to control across cover treatments.
- Taxon
- chrysanthemumChrysanthemume0
- Treatment
- GA 3e3
- Outcome
- rate of height reductione3
- Direction
- not differente3
- Comparator
- controle3
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Bright Golden Anne' chrysanthemum”
e3“The rate of height reduction was not different between control and GA 3 -treated plants”
Claim · model-written summary
Paclobutrazol reduced plant height regardless of φe.
- Taxon
- chrysanthemumChrysanthemume0
- Treatment
- paclobutrazole4
- Outcome
- plant heighte4
- Direction
- reducede4
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Bright Golden Anne' chrysanthemum”
e4“Both paclobutrazol and prohexadione-Ca reduced plant height regardless of φ e”
Claim · model-written summary
Prohexadione-Ca reduced plant height regardless of φe.
- Taxon
- chrysanthemumChrysanthemume0
- Treatment
- prohexadione-Cae4
- Outcome
- plant heighte4
- Direction
- reducede4
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Bright Golden Anne' chrysanthemum”
e4“Both paclobutrazol and prohexadione-Ca reduced plant height regardless of φ e”
Claim · model-written summary
Paclobutrazol reduced plant height more than prohexadione-Ca did.
- Taxon
- chrysanthemumChrysanthemume0
- Treatment
- paclobutrazole5
- Outcome
- height reductione5
- Direction
- moree5
- Comparator
- prohexadioneCae5
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Bright Golden Anne' chrysanthemum”
e5“the height reduction by paclobutrazol was more than that by prohexadioneCa”
Claim · model-written summary
The combination of paclobutrazol and prohexadione-Ca reduced plant height more than either retardant alone.
- Taxon
- chrysanthemumChrysanthemume0
- Treatment
- combination of paclobutrazol and prohexadione-Cae6
- Outcome
- plant heighte6
- Direction
- moree6
- Comparator
- either alonee6
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Bright Golden Anne' chrysanthemum”
e6“The combination of paclobutrazol and prohexadione-Ca reduced plant height more than either alone”
Claim · model-written summary
GA 1 reversed the height reduction caused by paclobutrazol and prohexadione-Ca regardless of φe.
- Taxon
- chrysanthemumChrysanthemume0
- Treatment
- GA 1e7
- Compound
- GA 1e7
- Outcome
- height reductione7
- Direction
- reversede7
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Bright Golden Anne' chrysanthemum”
e7“GA 1 reversed the height reduction caused by paclobutrazol and prohexadione-Ca regardless of φ e”
Claim · model-written summary
GA 1 increased height more when applied with prohexadione-Ca than when applied alone.
- Taxon
- chrysanthemumChrysanthemume0
- Treatment
- applied with prohexadione-Cae1
- Compound
- GA 1e1
- Outcome
- height increasee1
- Direction
- moree1
- Comparator
- applied alonee1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Bright Golden Anne' chrysanthemum”
e1“the height increase by GA 1 was more when it was applied with prohexadione-Ca than when applied alone”
Claim · model-written summary
Photoselective covers with high φe controlled chrysanthemum height effectively without chemical growth retardants.
- Taxon
- chrysanthemumChrysanthemume0
- Treatment
- photoselective covers with high φ ee1
- Outcome
- controlling heighte1
- Direction
- effectivee1
- Comparator
- without chemical growth retardantse1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Bright Golden Anne' chrysanthemum”
e1“photoselective covers with high φ e were effective in controlling height of chrysanthemums without chemical growth retardants”
Claim · model-written summary
The effectiveness of photoselective covers in reducing height is suggested to increase with φe.
- Taxon
- chrysanthemumChrysanthemume0
- Treatment
- photoselective coverse1
- Outcome
- effectiveness of photoselective coverse1
- Direction
- increasede1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Bright Golden Anne' chrysanthemum”
e1“The linear relationship between plant height and φ e suggests that effectiveness of photoselective covers increased as φ e increased”
Claim · model-written summary
Photosynthetic photon flux transmission of photoselective covers decreased as φe increased, because of increasing dye concentration.
- Taxon
- chrysanthemumChrysanthemume0
- Treatment
- photoselective coverse1
- Outcome
- photosynthetic photon flux (PPF) transmissione1
- Direction
- decreasede1
- Qualifier
- because of the increasing dye concentratione1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Bright Golden Anne' chrysanthemum”
e1“The photosynthetic photon flux (PPF) transmission of photoselective covers decreased as the φ e increased because of the increasing dye concentration”
Claim · model-written summary
Gibberellins are at least partially involved in height control by photoselective covers.
- Taxon
- chrysanthemumChrysanthemume0
- Compound
- Gibberellinse1
- Outcome
- height control by photoselective coverse1
- Qualifier
- at least partiallye1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Bright Golden Anne' chrysanthemum”
e1“Gibberellins are, at least partially, involved in height control by photoselective covers”
Claim · model-written summary
Photoselective greenhouse covers did not reduce responsiveness of chrysanthemum to gibberellins.
- Taxon
- chrysanthemumChrysanthemume0
- Treatment
- Photoselective greenhouse coverse1
- Outcome
- responsiveness to gibberellinse1
- Direction
- did not reducee1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Bright Golden Anne' chrysanthemum”
e1“Photoselective greenhouse covers did not reduce responsiveness to gibberellins”
Claim · model-written summary
Photoselective covers may control height by suppressing gibberellin biosynthesis.
- Taxon
- chrysanthemumChrysanthemume0
- Compound
- gibberelline1
- Outcome
- gibberellin biosynthesise1
- Qualifier
- the mechanism may be to suppresse1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Bright Golden Anne' chrysanthemum”
e1“it appears that the mechanism may be to suppress gibberellin biosynthesis”
Claim · model-written summary
Increased metabolism of GA 1 to GA 8 was not the mechanism of height control by photoselective covers.
- Taxon
- chrysanthemumChrysanthemume0
- Compound
- GA 1e1
- Outcome
- metabolism of GA 1 to GA 8e1
- Direction
- increasede1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Bright Golden Anne' chrysanthemum”
e1“increased metabolism of GA 1 to GA 8 was not the mechanism of height control by photoselective covers”
The same questions in other papers
Daminozide · growth · ChrysanthemumPositive and negative results
2 papers in the same direction as this paper · 5 in the opposite direction
- positive
- positive
- positive
4 papers more in this group
See all 8 papers →paclobutrazol · growth · ChrysanthemumPositive and negative results
7 papers in the same direction as this paper · 1 in the opposite direction · 1 reporting no difference from an alternative
- negative
- no effect
- positive
6 papers more in this group
See all 10 papers →Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.