Abstract
Abstract Peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) is a globally important legume crop that is utilized fresh, roasted, or pressed for oil products. A substantial market exists for in-shell peanuts, and shell color is an important factor affecting price — consumers favor bright yellow. Field observations have indicated that the type of soil in which the peanut pods develop can affect shell color and tint. Field and greenhouse experiments in which plants were grown in sandy soil while pods were allowed to develop in various tested soils verified this primary observation: sandy soils resulted in bright-yellow shells, dark soils (such as peat) resulted in a darker shell color, while loess soils resulted in intermediate shell colors. Incubation of peanut pods in saturated soil solutions or filtered soil extracts inferred the existence of two opposing processes that may affect shell color: adherence of water-soluble soil components to the shell surface, and the washing-off of shell material from this surface. Overhead irrigation with a reduced amount of water or watering with a subsurface drip system concealed at a depth of 25 cm resulted in brighter shell colors than applying the normal amount of water by overhead irrigation. These data suggest that reducing soil wetness in the pod-development zone may increase shell brightness. Field experiments also indicating that final shell color is determined towards the end of pod development, suggesting that soil wetness in the pod-development zone should be controlled during at least the last 4 weeks of growth, to maintain a low level of wetness.
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Claims 10
Claim · model-written summary
Sandy soil yielded bright-yellow peanut shells.
- Taxon
- Peanut
Arachis hypogaeae1 - Treatment
- sandy soilse0
- Outcome
- bright-yellow shellse0
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“sandy soils resulted in bright-yellow shells”
e1“Peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
Dark soil yielded darker peanut shells.
- Taxon
- PeanutArachis hypogaeae1
- Treatment
- dark soilse0
- Outcome
- shell colore0
- Direction
- darkere0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“dark soils (such as peat) resulted in a darker shell color”
e1“Peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
Loess soil yielded intermediate peanut shell colors.
- Taxon
- PeanutArachis hypogaeae1
- Treatment
- loess soilse0
- Outcome
- intermediate shell colorse0
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“loess soils resulted in intermediate shell colors”
e1“Peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
Incubation experiments suggested soluble soil components adhering to shells can affect color.
- Taxon
- PeanutArachis hypogaeae2
- Outcome
- shell colore1
- Qualifier
- adherence of water-soluble soil components to the shell surfacee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“adherence of water-soluble soil components to the shell surface”
e1“two opposing processes that may affect shell color”
e2“Peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
Incubation experiments suggested washing shell material off the surface can affect color.
- Taxon
- PeanutArachis hypogaeae2
- Outcome
- shell colore1
- Qualifier
- the washing-off of shell material from this surfacee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the washing-off of shell material from this surface”
e1“two opposing processes that may affect shell color”
e2“Peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
Reduced overhead irrigation yielded brighter shells than normal overhead irrigation.
- Taxon
- PeanutArachis hypogaeae1
- Treatment
- Overhead irrigation with a reduced amount of watere0
- Outcome
- shell colorse0
- Direction
- brightere0
- Comparator
- applying the normal amount of water by overhead irrigatione0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Overhead irrigation with a reduced amount of water or watering with a subsurface drip system concealed at a depth of 25 cm resulted in brighter shell colors than applying the normal amount of water by overhead irrigation”
e1“Peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
Subsurface drip irrigation at 25 cm yielded brighter shells than normal overhead irrigation.
- Taxon
- PeanutArachis hypogaeae1
- Treatment
- watering with a subsurface drip system concealed at a depth of 25 cme0
- Outcome
- shell colorse0
- Direction
- brightere0
- Comparator
- applying the normal amount of water by overhead irrigatione0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“watering with a subsurface drip system concealed at a depth of 25 cm resulted in brighter shell colors than applying the normal amount of water by overhead irrigation”
e1“Peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors inferred that reducing wetness around developing pods may increase shell brightness.
- Taxon
- PeanutArachis hypogaeae1
- Treatment
- reducing soil wetness in the pod-development zonee0
- Outcome
- shell brightnesse0
- Direction
- increasee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“reducing soil wetness in the pod-development zone may increase shell brightness”
e1“Peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
Field experiments indicated final shell color is determined toward the end of pod development.
- Taxon
- PeanutArachis hypogaeae1
- Outcome
- final shell color is determined towards the end of pod developmente0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“final shell color is determined towards the end of pod development”
e1“Peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors recommended limiting wetness around pods during at least the last four weeks of growth.
- Taxon
- PeanutArachis hypogaeae1
- Outcome
- soil wetness in the pod-development zone should be controllede0
- Qualifier
- during at least the last 4 weeks of growthe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“soil wetness in the pod-development zone should be controlled during at least the last 4 weeks of growth, to maintain a low level of wetness”
e1“Peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.)”
The same questions in other papers
light · quality: postharvest · Arachis hypogaea (peanut)Results agree
1 paper in the same direction as this paper
- no effect
Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.