Abstract
Tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum L. cv Xanthi) plants were exposed to toxic levels of zinc (Zn). Zn exposure resulted in toxicity signs in plants, and these damages were partly reduced by a calcium (Ca) supplement. Confocal imaging of intracellular Zn using Zinquin showed that Zn was preferentially accumulated in trichomes. Exposure to Zn and Zn + Ca increased the trichome density and induced the production of Ca/Zn mineral grains on the head cells of trichomes. These grains were aggregates of submicrometer-sized crystals and poorly crystalline material and contained Ca as major element, along with subordinate amounts of Zn, manganese, potassium, chlorine, phosphorus, silicon, and magnesium. Micro x-ray diffraction revealed that the large majority of the grains were composed essentially of metal-substituted calcite (CaCO3). CaCO3 polymorphs (aragonite and vaterite) and CaC2O4 (Ca oxalate) mono- and dihydrate also were identified, either as an admixture to calcite or in separate grains. Some grains did not diffract, although they contained Ca, suggesting the presence of amorphous form of Ca. The presence of Zn-substituted calcite was confirmed by Zn K-edge micro-extended x-ray absorption fine structure spectroscopy. Zn bound to organic compounds and Zn-containing silica and phosphate were also identified by this technique. The proportion of Zn-substituted calcite relative to the other species increased with Ca exposure. The production of Zn-containing biogenic calcite and other Zn compounds through the trichomes is a novel mechanism involved in Zn detoxification. This study illustrates the potential of laterally resolved x-ray synchrotron radiation techniques to study biomineralization and metal homeostasis processes in plants.
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Claims 13
Claim · model-written summary
Zinc exposure caused toxicity signs in tobacco.
- Taxon
- Tobacco
Nicotiana tabacume1 - Treatment
- Zn exposuree0
- Outcome
- toxicity signs in plantse0
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Zn exposure resulted in toxicity signs in plants”
e1“Tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum L. cv Xanthi) plants were exposed to toxic levels of zinc (Zn)”
Claim · model-written summary
Calcium supplementation partly reduced zinc damage.
- Taxon
- TobaccoNicotiana tabacume1
- Treatment
- calcium (Ca) supplemente0
- Outcome
- these damagese0
- Direction
- reducede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“these damages were partly reduced by a calcium (Ca) supplement”
e1“Tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum L. cv Xanthi) plants were exposed to toxic levels of zinc (Zn)”
Claim · model-written summary
Intracellular zinc preferentially accumulated in trichomes.
- Taxon
- TobaccoNicotiana tabacume1
- Organ / stage
- trichomese0
- Outcome
- Zn was preferentially accumulated in trichomese0
- Direction
- preferentially accumulatede0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Zn was preferentially accumulated in trichomes”
e1“Tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum L. cv Xanthi) plants were exposed to toxic levels of zinc (Zn)”
Claim · model-written summary
Zinc and zinc plus calcium exposure increased trichome density.
- Taxon
- TobaccoNicotiana tabacume1
- Treatment
- Zn and Zn + Cae0
- Outcome
- trichome densitye0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Exposure to Zn and Zn + Ca increased the trichome density”
e1“Tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum L. cv Xanthi) plants were exposed to toxic levels of zinc (Zn)”
Claim · model-written summary
Zinc and zinc plus calcium exposure induced mineral grains on trichome head cells.
- Taxon
- TobaccoNicotiana tabacume1
- Treatment
- Zn and Zn + Cae0
- Outcome
- production of Ca/Zn mineral grains on the head cells of trichomese0
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Exposure to Zn and Zn + Ca increased the trichome density and induced the production of Ca/Zn mineral grains on the head cells of trichomes”
e1“Tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum L. cv Xanthi) plants were exposed to toxic levels of zinc (Zn)”
Claim · model-written summary
Trichome grains consisted of submicrometer crystals and poorly crystalline material.
- Taxon
- TobaccoNicotiana tabacume1
- Outcome
- aggregates of submicrometer-sized crystals and poorly crystalline materiale0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“These grains were aggregates of submicrometer-sized crystals and poorly crystalline material”
e1“Tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum L. cv Xanthi) plants were exposed to toxic levels of zinc (Zn)”
Claim · model-written summary
The grains contained calcium predominantly and subordinate zinc, manganese, potassium, chlorine, phosphorus, silicon, and magnesium.
- Taxon
- TobaccoNicotiana tabacume1
- Outcome
- Ca as major element, along with subordinate amounts of Zn, manganese, potassium, chlorine, phosphorus, silicon, and magnesiume0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“contained Ca as major element, along with subordinate amounts of Zn, manganese, potassium, chlorine, phosphorus, silicon, and magnesium”
e1“Tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum L. cv Xanthi) plants were exposed to toxic levels of zinc (Zn)”
Claim · model-written summary
Most grains consisted essentially of metal-substituted calcite.
- Taxon
- TobaccoNicotiana tabacume1
- Outcome
- metal-substituted calcite (CaCO3)e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“large majority of the grains were composed essentially of metal-substituted calcite (CaCO3)”
e1“Tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum L. cv Xanthi) plants were exposed to toxic levels of zinc (Zn)”
Claim · model-written summary
Aragonite, vaterite, and calcium oxalate hydrates were identified in or apart from calcite grains.
- Taxon
- TobaccoNicotiana tabacume1
- Outcome
- CaCO3 polymorphs (aragonite and vaterite) and CaC2O4 (Ca oxalate) mono- and dihydratee0
- Qualifier
- either as an admixture to calcite or in separate grainse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“CaCO3 polymorphs (aragonite and vaterite) and CaC2O4 (Ca oxalate) mono- and dihydrate also were identified, either as an admixture to calcite or in separate grains”
e1“Tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum L. cv Xanthi) plants were exposed to toxic levels of zinc (Zn)”
Claim · model-written summary
Some calcium-containing grains did not diffract, suggesting amorphous calcium.
- Taxon
- TobaccoNicotiana tabacume1
- Outcome
- Some grains did not diffracte0
- Qualifier
- suggesting the presence of amorphous form of Cae0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Some grains did not diffract, although they contained Ca, suggesting the presence of amorphous form of Ca”
e1“Tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum L. cv Xanthi) plants were exposed to toxic levels of zinc (Zn)”
Claim · model-written summary
Zinc-substituted calcite was confirmed by zinc-edge spectroscopy.
- Taxon
- TobaccoNicotiana tabacume1
- Outcome
- presence of Zn-substituted calcitee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The presence of Zn-substituted calcite was confirmed by Zn K-edge micro-extended x-ray absorption fine structure spectroscopy”
e1“Tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum L. cv Xanthi) plants were exposed to toxic levels of zinc (Zn)”
Claim · model-written summary
Zinc bound to organic compounds, silica, and phosphate was identified.
- Taxon
- TobaccoNicotiana tabacume1
- Outcome
- Zn bound to organic compounds and Zn-containing silica and phosphatee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Zn bound to organic compounds and Zn-containing silica and phosphate were also identified by this technique”
e1“Tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum L. cv Xanthi) plants were exposed to toxic levels of zinc (Zn)”
Claim · model-written summary
Calcium exposure increased the share of zinc-substituted calcite relative to other zinc species.
- Taxon
- TobaccoNicotiana tabacume1
- Treatment
- Ca exposuree0
- Outcome
- proportion of Zn-substituted calcite relative to the other speciese0
- Direction
- increasede0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The proportion of Zn-substituted calcite relative to the other species increased with Ca exposure”
e1“Tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum L. cv Xanthi) plants were exposed to toxic levels of zinc (Zn)”
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