Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Complete submergence severely reduces growth rate and productivity of terrestrial plants, but much remains to be elucidated regarding the mechanisms involved. The aim of this study was to clarify the cellular basis of growth suppression by submergence in stems. METHODS: The effects of submergence on the viscoelastic extensibility of the cell wall and the cellular osmotic concentration were studied in azuki bean epicotyls. Modifications by submergence to chemical properties of the cell wall; levels of osmotic solutes and their translocation from the seed to epicotyls; and apoplastic pH and levels of ATP and ethanol were also examined. These cellular events underwater were compared in etiolated and in light-grown seedlings. KEY RESULTS: Under submergence, the osmotic concentration of the cell sap was substantially decreased via decreased concentrations of organic compounds including sugars and amino acids. In contrast, the viscoelastic extensibility of the cell wall was kept high. Submergence also decreased ATP and increased the pH of the apoplastic solution. Alcoholic fermentation was stimulated underwater, but the resulting accumulated ethanol was not directly involved in growth suppression. Light partially relieved the inhibitory effects of submergence on growth, osmoregulation and sugar translocation. CONCLUSIONS: A decrease in the levels of osmotic solutes is a main cause of underwater growth suppression in azuki bean epicotyls. This may be brought about by suppression of solute uptake via breakdown of the H(+) gradient across the plasma membrane due to a decrease in ATP. The involvement of cell wall properties in underwater growth suppression remains to be fully elucidated.
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Claims 10
Claim · model-written summary
Under submergence, the cell sap osmotic concentration of azuki bean epicotyls decreased substantially.
- Taxon
- azuki bean
Vigna angularise0 - Treatment
- submergencee1
- Outcome
- osmotic concentration of the cell sape1
- Direction
- decreasede1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The effects of submergence on the viscoelastic extensibility of the cell wall and the cellular osmotic concentration were studied in azuki bean epicotyls”
e1“Under submergence, the osmotic concentration of the cell sap was substantially decreased via decreased concentrations of organic compounds including sugars and amino acids”
Claim · model-written summary
Under submergence, concentrations of organic compounds decreased in azuki bean epicotyls.
- Taxon
- azuki beanVigna angularise0
- Treatment
- submergencee1
- Outcome
- concentrations of organic compoundse1
- Direction
- decreasede1
- Qualifier
- including sugars and amino acidse1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The effects of submergence on the viscoelastic extensibility of the cell wall and the cellular osmotic concentration were studied in azuki bean epicotyls”
e1“Under submergence, the osmotic concentration of the cell sap was substantially decreased via decreased concentrations of organic compounds including sugars and amino acids”
Claim · model-written summary
The viscoelastic extensibility of the cell wall was kept high in azuki bean epicotyls.
- Taxon
- azuki beanVigna angularise0
- Outcome
- viscoelastic extensibility of the cell walle2
- Direction
- kept highe2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The effects of submergence on the viscoelastic extensibility of the cell wall and the cellular osmotic concentration were studied in azuki bean epicotyls”
e2“In contrast, the viscoelastic extensibility of the cell wall was kept high”
Claim · model-written summary
Submergence decreased ATP in azuki bean epicotyls.
- Taxon
- azuki beanVigna angularise0
- Treatment
- Submergencee3
- Outcome
- ATPe3
- Direction
- decreasede3
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The effects of submergence on the viscoelastic extensibility of the cell wall and the cellular osmotic concentration were studied in azuki bean epicotyls”
e3“Submergence also decreased ATP and increased the pH of the apoplastic solution”
Claim · model-written summary
Submergence increased the pH of the apoplastic solution in azuki bean epicotyls.
- Taxon
- azuki beanVigna angularise0
- Treatment
- Submergencee3
- Outcome
- pH of the apoplastic solutione3
- Direction
- increasede3
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The effects of submergence on the viscoelastic extensibility of the cell wall and the cellular osmotic concentration were studied in azuki bean epicotyls”
e3“Submergence also decreased ATP and increased the pH of the apoplastic solution”
Claim · model-written summary
Alcoholic fermentation was stimulated underwater in azuki bean epicotyls.
- Taxon
- azuki beanVigna angularise0
- Treatment
- underwatere4
- Outcome
- Alcoholic fermentatione4
- Direction
- stimulatede4
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The effects of submergence on the viscoelastic extensibility of the cell wall and the cellular osmotic concentration were studied in azuki bean epicotyls”
e4“Alcoholic fermentation was stimulated underwater, but the resulting accumulated ethanol was not directly involved in growth suppression”
Claim · model-written summary
Accumulated ethanol is not directly involved in underwater growth suppression of azuki bean epicotyls.
- Taxon
- azuki beanVigna angularise0
- Compound
- ethanole4
- Outcome
- growth suppressione4
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The effects of submergence on the viscoelastic extensibility of the cell wall and the cellular osmotic concentration were studied in azuki bean epicotyls”
e4“Alcoholic fermentation was stimulated underwater, but the resulting accumulated ethanol was not directly involved in growth suppression”
Claim · model-written summary
Light partially relieved the inhibitory effects of submergence on growth, osmoregulation and sugar translocation in azuki bean.
- Taxon
- azuki beanVigna angularise0
- Treatment
- Lighte5
- Outcome
- growth, osmoregulation and sugar translocatione5
- Direction
- partially relievede5
- Comparator
- submergencee5
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The effects of submergence on the viscoelastic extensibility of the cell wall and the cellular osmotic concentration were studied in azuki bean epicotyls”
e5“Light partially relieved the inhibitory effects of submergence on growth, osmoregulation and sugar translocation”
Claim · model-written summary
Suppression of solute uptake via breakdown of the H(+) gradient across the plasma membrane may underlie the submergence effect in azuki bean.
- Taxon
- azuki beanVigna angularise0
- Outcome
- suppression of solute uptakee7
- Qualifier
- breakdown of the H(+) gradient across the plasma membranee7
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The effects of submergence on the viscoelastic extensibility of the cell wall and the cellular osmotic concentration were studied in azuki bean epicotyls”
e7“This may be brought about by suppression of solute uptake via breakdown of the H(+) gradient across the plasma membrane due to a decrease in ATP”
Claim · model-written summary
A decrease in osmotic solute levels is a main cause of underwater growth suppression in azuki bean epicotyls.
Verbatim
e6“A decrease in the levels of osmotic solutes is a main cause of underwater growth suppression in azuki bean epicotyls”
The same questions in other papers
light · growth · Vigna angularis (adzuki bean)Positive and negative results
5 in the opposite direction
- negative
- negative
- negative
2 papers more in this group
See all 6 papers →Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.