Abstract
Abstract We examined the effects of fertilization on population abundance and within‐plant distribution of western flower thrips, Frankliniella occidentalis Pergande (Thysanoptera: Thripidae), on potted chrysanthemum, Dendranthema grandiflora (Tzvelev). We also investigated the effects of fertilization on the number of insecticide applications needed to control F. occidentalis on potted chrysanthemum. Under greenhouse conditions, rate of change in population abundance of F. occidentalis increased with fertilization levels from 0 to 100% of the standard fertilization level (375 ppm N) and was four times higher on plants fertilized with the standard level (rate of change = 0.14) than on plants fertilized with 0% during the first 4 weeks after thrips inoculation. Within‐plant distribution of F. occidentalis was influenced by the phenology of the plants rather than total nitrogen content of plant tissues. Prior to flower opening, more F. occidentalis were found in the middle region of the plants. When the flowers began to open, more thrips were found feeding inside the flowers than on the leaves. We further showed that production time, the time from transplantation to flower opening, shortened considerably with increased fertilization level. Production time was shortest, 12 weeks, for plants fertilized with 100% of the standard fertilization level. When the fertilization level was reduced to 20%, production time lengthened to 13 weeks. When fertilization level was reduced to 0%, production time lengthened to 14 weeks. Increased fertilization from 0 to 100% of the standard level did not result in higher numbers of insecticide applications. All three insecticides (acephate, bifenthrin, and spinosad) were effective in keeping the thrips infestation below a predetermined level, five thrips per plant, but bifenthrin required the most number of applications to do so. For chrysanthemum, a fast‐growing crop and heavy utilizer of fertilizer, fertilization influenced not only the population growth of pest insects but also plant production time. As a result, optimizing fertilization level to reduce pest population growth may be a useful tactic in an Integrated Pest Management program for managing F. occidentalis on potted chrysanthemum. However, the effect of fertilization on production time and plant quality should also be considered when implementing this tactic.
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Claims 13
Claim · model-written summary
Thrips population growth increased with fertilization and was four times higher at the standard level than without fertilizer.
- Taxon
- chrysanthemum
.jpeg?width=60)
Chrysanthemumt0 - Treatment
- fertilization levels from 0 to 100% of the standard fertilization level (375 ppm N)e0
- Interactor
- F. occidentalis
Frankliniella occidentalise0pest - Outcome
- rate of change in population abundance of F. occidentalise0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- four times highere0
- Comparator
- plants fertilized with 0%e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
.jpeg?width=500)
Verbatim
e0“rate of change in population abundance of F. occidentalis increased with fertilization levels from 0 to 100% of the standard fertilization level (375 ppm N) and was four times higher on plants fertilized with the standard level (rate of change = 0.14) than on plants fertilized with 0%”
t0“chrysanthemum”
Claim · model-written summary
Thrips distribution followed plant phenology rather than tissue nitrogen.
- Taxon
- chrysanthemumChrysanthemumt0
- Organ / stage
- phenology of the plantse0
- Interactor
- F. occidentalisFrankliniella occidentalise0pest
- Outcome
- Within‐plant distribution of F. occidentalise0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Within‐plant distribution of F. occidentalis was influenced by the phenology of the plants rather than total nitrogen content of plant tissues”
t0“chrysanthemum”
Claim · model-written summary
Before flower opening, thrips were more abundant in the middle plant region.
- Taxon
- chrysanthemumChrysanthemumt0
- Organ / stage
- Prior to flower openinge0
- Interactor
- F. occidentalisFrankliniella occidentalise0pest
- Outcome
- more F. occidentalis were found in the middle region of the plantse0
- Direction
- moree0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Prior to flower opening, more F. occidentalis were found in the middle region of the plants”
t0“chrysanthemum”
Claim · model-written summary
At flower opening, more thrips fed inside flowers than on leaves.
- Taxon
- chrysanthemumChrysanthemumt0
- Organ / stage
- flowerse0
- Outcome
- more thrips were found feeding inside the flowers than on the leavese0
- Direction
- moree0
- Comparator
- leavese0
ThripsOrganisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“When the flowers began to open, more thrips were found feeding inside the flowers than on the leaves”
t0“chrysanthemum”
Claim · model-written summary
Production time shortened with increased fertilization.
- Taxon
- chrysanthemumChrysanthemumt0
- Treatment
- increased fertilization levele0
- Outcome
- production timee0
- Direction
- shortenede0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“production time, the time from transplantation to flower opening, shortened considerably with increased fertilization level”
t0“chrysanthemum”
Claim · model-written summary
At 100% standard fertilization, production time was shortest at 12 weeks.
- Taxon
- chrysanthemumChrysanthemumt0
- Treatment
- 100% of the standard fertilization levele0
- Outcome
- Production timee0
- Direction
- shorteste0
- Value
- 12 weekse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Production time was shortest, 12 weeks, for plants fertilized with 100% of the standard fertilization level”
t0“chrysanthemum”
Claim · model-written summary
At 20% fertilization, production time lengthened to 13 weeks.
- Taxon
- chrysanthemumChrysanthemumt0
- Treatment
- fertilization level was reduced to 20%e0
- Outcome
- production timee0
- Direction
- lengthenede0
- Value
- 13 weekse0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“When the fertilization level was reduced to 20%, production time lengthened to 13 weeks”
t0“chrysanthemum”
Claim · model-written summary
At zero fertilization, production time lengthened to 14 weeks.
- Taxon
- chrysanthemumChrysanthemumt0
- Treatment
- fertilization level was reduced to 0%e0
- Outcome
- production timee0
- Direction
- lengthenede0
- Value
- 14 weekse0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“When fertilization level was reduced to 0%, production time lengthened to 14 weeks”
t0“chrysanthemum”
Claim · model-written summary
More fertilizer did not increase insecticide application number.
- Taxon
- chrysanthemumChrysanthemumt0
- Treatment
- Increased fertilization from 0 to 100% of the standard levele0
- Outcome
- numbers of insecticide applicationse0
- Direction
- did not result in highere0
- Comparator
- 0e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Increased fertilization from 0 to 100% of the standard level did not result in higher numbers of insecticide applications”
t0“chrysanthemum”
Claim · model-written summary
Acephate kept thrips infestation below five per plant.
- Taxon
- chrysanthemumChrysanthemumt0
- Treatment
- acephatee0
- Outcome
- thrips infestatione0
- Direction
- belowe0
- Value
- five thrips per plante0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“All three insecticides (acephate, bifenthrin, and spinosad) were effective in keeping the thrips infestation below a predetermined level, five thrips per plant”
t0“chrysanthemum”
Claim · model-written summary
Bifenthrin kept thrips infestation below five per plant but required the most applications.
- Taxon
- chrysanthemumChrysanthemumt0
- Treatment
- bifenthrine0
- Outcome
- thrips infestatione0
- Direction
- belowe0
- Value
- five thrips per plante0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“All three insecticides (acephate, bifenthrin, and spinosad) were effective in keeping the thrips infestation below a predetermined level, five thrips per plant, but bifenthrin required the most number of applications”
t0“chrysanthemum”
Claim · model-written summary
Spinosad kept thrips infestation below five per plant.
- Taxon
- chrysanthemumChrysanthemumt0
- Treatment
- spinosade0
- Outcome
- thrips infestatione0
- Direction
- belowe0
- Value
- five thrips per plante0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“All three insecticides (acephate, bifenthrin, and spinosad) were effective in keeping the thrips infestation below a predetermined level, five thrips per plant”
t0“chrysanthemum”
Claim · model-written summary
Optimizing fertilizer may help manage thrips, accounting for production time and quality.
- Taxon
- chrysanthemumChrysanthemume0
- Interactor
- F. occidentalisFrankliniella occidentalise0pest
- Outcome
- optimizing fertilization level to reduce pest population growthe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“optimizing fertilization level to reduce pest population growth may be a useful tactic in an Integrated Pest Management program for managing F. occidentalis on potted chrysanthemum. However, the effect of fertilization on production time and plant quality should also be considered”
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