Abstract
Abstract In response to feeding by phytophagous arthropods, plants emit volatile chemicals. This is shown to be an active physiological response of the plant and the released chemicals are therefore called herbivore‐induced plant volatiles (HIPV). One of the supposed functions of HIPV for the plant is to attract carnivorous natural enemies of herbivores. Depending on which plant and herbivore species interact, blends of HIPV show qualitative and quantitative variation. Hence, one may ask whether this allows the natural enemies to discriminate between volatiles from plants infested by herbivore species that are either suitable or unsuitable as a food source for the natural enemy. Another question is whether natural enemies can also recognise HIPV when two or more herbivore species that differ in suitability as a food source simultaneously attack the same plant species. By reviewing the literature we show that arthropod predators and parasitoids can tell different HIPV blends apart in several cases of single plant–single herbivore systems and even in single plant–multiple herbivore systems. Yet, there are also cases where predators and parasitoids do not discriminate or discriminate only after having learned the association between HIPV and herbivores that are either suitable or non‐suitable as a source of food. In this case, suitable herbivores may profit from colonising plants that are already infested by another non‐suitable herbivore. The resulting temporal or partial refuge may have important population dynamical consequences, as such refuges have been shown to stabilise otherwise unstable predator–prey models of the Lotka‐Volterra or Nicholson‐Bailey type.
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Claims 4
Claim · model-written summary
Herbivore feeding induces active volatile emissions from plants.
- Taxon
- plantsViridiplantaee0
- Interactor
- phytophagous arthropodse0herbivore
- Outcome
- emit volatile chemicalse0
Verbatim
e0“In response to feeding by phytophagous arthropods, plants emit volatile chemicals. This is shown to be an active physiological response of the plant”
Claim · model-written summary
HIPV blends vary qualitatively and quantitatively by plant and herbivore species.
Not reportedDirection
Verbatim
e0“Depending on which plant and herbivore species interact, blends of HIPV show qualitative and quantitative variation”
Claim · model-written summary
Predators and parasitoids distinguish HIPV blends in several single and multiple herbivore systems.
Verbatim
e0“arthropod predators and parasitoids can tell different HIPV blends apart in several cases of single plant–single herbivore systems and even in single plant–multiple herbivore systems”
Claim · model-written summary
Some predators and parasitoids discriminate only after learning, and others do not discriminate.
- Taxon
- plantsViridiplantaet0
- Interactor
- herbivorese0herbivore
- Outcome
- do not discriminate or discriminate only after having learnede0
Verbatim
e0“there are also cases where predators and parasitoids do not discriminate or discriminate only after having learned the association between HIPV and herbivores”
t0“plants”