Abstract
Two experiments were conducted in sequence to determine the effectiveness of anhydrous ammonia (AA) as a preservative of alfalfa hay stored as large round bales (LRB). In the the first experiment application of 3% AA (wt/wt) to alfalfa hay baled at about 23% moisture-content (MC) increased the temperature markedly above the control treatment and resulted in a significantly (P < 0.05) higher acid-detergent-insoluble nitrogen and acid-detergent lignin. In the second experiment application of about 1% AA slowly (over 48 h) to LRB of alfalfa hay packaged at about 30% and > 35% MC, significantly (P < 0.05) reduced the cumulative degree-days above all reference points from 35 to 65 °C. Ammoniation completely eliminated dry matter losses in storage which were highest (8.3%) for 33% MC control hay. High moisture control hay (33% MC) suffered severe heat damage with 33% of total N being in the acid-detergent-insoluble fraction as compared to less than 10% for medium-moisture (26% MC) control and even lower values for ammoniated hay. Digestibility of crude protein and energy was significantly (P < 0.05) improved by ammoniation of medium-moisture (about 30% in-to-storage) alfalfa hay. When the ammonia-treated hay was uncovered in spring, coarsely ground and stored in a hay wagon the high-moisture-ammoniated hay (> 35% MC) became moldy within 4 wk, even when the ambient temperature was about 6 °C, whereas medium-moisture-ammoniated hay (about 30% MC) showed some deterioration after 7 wk as the ambient temperature increased to about 12 °C. Key words: Ammonia, alfalfa hay, digestibility, heat damage, high-moisture hay, large bales
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Claims 8
Claim · model-written summary
Three percent ammonia raised bale temperature over control.
- Taxon
- alfalfa
Medicago sativae0 - Treatment
- 3% AA (wt/wt)e0
- Outcome
- temperaturee0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Comparator
- control treatmente0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“application of 3% AA (wt/wt) to alfalfa hay baled at about 23% moisture-content (MC) increased the temperature markedly above the control treatment”
Claim · model-written summary
Three percent ammonia increased acid-detergent-insoluble nitrogen and acid-detergent lignin.
- Taxon
- alfalfaMedicago sativae0
- Treatment
- 3% AA (wt/wt)e0
- Outcome
- acid-detergent-insoluble nitrogen and acid-detergent lignine0
- Direction
- highere0
- Comparator
- control treatmente0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“application of 3% AA (wt/wt) to alfalfa hay baled at about 23% moisture-content (MC) increased the temperature markedly above the control treatment and resulted in a significantly (P < 0.05) higher acid-detergent-insoluble nitrogen and acid-detergent lignin.”
Claim · model-written summary
One percent ammonia reduced cumulative heating degree-days.
- Taxon
- alfalfaMedicago sativae0
- Treatment
- about 1% AAe0
- Outcome
- cumulative degree-dayse0
- Direction
- reducede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“application of about 1% AA slowly (over 48 h) to LRB of alfalfa hay packaged at about 30% and > 35% MC, significantly (P < 0.05) reduced the cumulative degree-days above all reference points from 35 to 65 °C.”
Claim · model-written summary
Ammoniation eliminated dry matter losses during storage.
Verbatim
e0“Ammoniation completely eliminated dry matter losses in storage which were highest (8.3%) for 33% MC control hay.”
Claim · model-written summary
High-moisture control hay suffered heat damage, with 33% of nitrogen acid-detergent insoluble.
Verbatim
e0“High moisture control hay (33% MC) suffered severe heat damage with 33% of total N being in the acid-detergent-insoluble fraction as compared to less than 10% for medium-moisture (26% MC) control and even lower values for ammoniated hay.”
Claim · model-written summary
Ammoniation improved crude protein and energy digestibility in medium-moisture alfalfa hay.
- Taxon
- alfalfaMedicago sativae0
- Treatment
- ammoniatione0
- Outcome
- Digestibility of crude protein and energye0
- Direction
- improvede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Digestibility of crude protein and energy was significantly (P < 0.05) improved by ammoniation of medium-moisture (about 30% in-to-storage) alfalfa hay.”
Claim · model-written summary
Uncovered high-moisture ammoniated hay became moldy within four weeks.
Verbatim
e0“the high-moisture-ammoniated hay (> 35% MC) became moldy within 4 wk”
Claim · model-written summary
Medium-moisture ammoniated hay deteriorated after seven weeks.
Verbatim
e0“medium-moisture-ammoniated hay (about 30% MC) showed some deterioration after 7 wk”
The same questions in other papers
ammonia · soil: physics · Medicago sativa (alfalfa)Results differ
1 in the opposite direction
- positive
ammonia · molecular: metabolites · Medicago sativa (alfalfa)Positive and negative results
1 in the opposite direction
- positive
Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.