Abstract
Thinning trials were conducted in the apple orchards of Klein Altendorf Experimental Station, Bonn, Germany using 7-year-old CV. ‘Cox orange’ and CV ‘Elstar’ apple trees in the year 2001 and 2002. The objectives were to find the effects of treatments on fruit set, yield, quality (i.e. fruit size) and to investigate how photosynthesis and transpiration are affected by one of the chemical thinners. The chemical thinning methods applied in the year 2001 were Ethrel (Flordimex) at 500ml/ha, Ethrel at 1000ml/ha, Ammonium Thiosulphate (ATS) sprayed to flowers on one year old shoots (ATS 1), Ammonium Thiosulphate (ATS) sprayed to flowers on older shoots (ATS 2), Amidthin plus Telmion, Amidthin plus Ethrel and unsprayed control. In 2002 the chemical thinning treatments applied were Azolon fluid (Urea formaldehyde), sprayed at 7.5li/ha and Ethrel (Flordimex) sprayed at 300ml/ha and unsprayed control. The non-chemical thinning method which was only applied in 2002 was partial defoliation of leaves. The experimental design used was randomized complete block design with three replications. The results showed that in the year 2001 Ethrel at 1000ml/ha had 67% thinning effect while Ethrel at 500ml/ha had 40% thinning. The other treatments had no thinning effect. Amidthin plus Ethrel had 22% yield reduction while Ethrel at 1000ml/ha had 30% yield reduction. ATS 2 had 44% increases in yield while ATS 1 had no effect. In terms of fruit size Ethrel 1000ml/ha had the best fruit quality (i.e. preferred diameter class of 70mm), followed by Amidthin plus Ethrel, Amidthin plus Telmion and Ethrel at 500ml/ha. In the year 2002 Azolon fluid resulted in 55% thinning in the first fruit set count before June drop while Ethrel had 56% and Azolon plus Ethrel 54% thinning effects which were not significantly different from defoliated treatment. Similar thinning trends were observed for fruit set counts after June drop. Transpiration and photosynthetic rates were reduced by 5% and 20%, respectively. Ethrel at 300ml/ha reduced yield significantly from 29.2kg/ha in the control to 25.5kg/tree while methylene urea (Azolon) had no effect. Thinning with methylene urea increased fruit size to 67% and Ethrel (Flordimex) to 79% of fruits larger than 70mm. It is concluded the chemical treatments thinned the fruits adequately and were not significantly (P ≤ 0.05) different from the non-chemical methods of thinning and fruit size was improved while transpiration and photosynthesis were slightly affected after Azolon application.
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Claims 18
Claim · model-written summary
Ethrel at 1000ml/ha produced 67% thinning in 2001.
- Taxon
- apple
Malus domesticat0 - Treatment
- Ethrel at 1000ml/hae0
- Outcome
- thinning effecte0
- Value
- 67%e0
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“in the year 2001 Ethrel at 1000ml/ha had 67% thinning effect”
t0“Chemical and non-chemical thinning methods in apple (Malus domestica borkh)”
Claim · model-written summary
Ethrel at 500ml/ha produced 40% thinning in 2001.
- Taxon
- appleMalus domesticat0
- Treatment
- Ethrel at 500ml/hae0
- Outcome
- thinninge0
- Value
- 40%e0
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Ethrel at 500ml/ha had 40% thinning”
t0“Chemical and non-chemical thinning methods in apple (Malus domestica borkh)”
Claim · model-written summary
Other 2001 treatments had no thinning effect.
- Taxon
- appleMalus domesticat0
- Treatment
- other treatmentse0
- Outcome
- thinning effecte0
- Direction
- noe0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The other treatments had no thinning effect”
t0“Chemical and non-chemical thinning methods in apple (Malus domestica borkh)”
Claim · model-written summary
Amidthin plus Ethrel reduced yield by 22%.
- Taxon
- appleMalus domesticat0
- Treatment
- Amidthin plus Ethrele0
- Outcome
- yielde0
- Direction
- reductione0
- Value
- 22%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Amidthin plus Ethrel had 22% yield reduction”
t0“Chemical and non-chemical thinning methods in apple (Malus domestica borkh)”
Claim · model-written summary
Ethrel at 1000ml/ha reduced yield by 30%.
- Taxon
- appleMalus domesticat0
- Treatment
- Ethrel at 1000ml/hae0
- Outcome
- yielde0
- Direction
- reductione0
- Value
- 30%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Ethrel at 1000ml/ha had 30% yield reduction”
t0“Chemical and non-chemical thinning methods in apple (Malus domestica borkh)”
Claim · model-written summary
ATS 2 increased yield by 44%.
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“ATS 2 had 44% increases in yield”
t0“Chemical and non-chemical thinning methods in apple (Malus domestica borkh)”
Claim · model-written summary
ATS 1 had no effect on yield.
- Taxon
- appleMalus domesticat0
- Treatment
- ATS 1e0
- Outcome
- no effecte0
- Direction
- no effecte0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“ATS 1 had no effect”
t0“Chemical and non-chemical thinning methods in apple (Malus domestica borkh)”
Claim · model-written summary
Ethrel 1000ml/ha produced the best fruit size, at the preferred 70mm diameter class.
- Taxon
- appleMalus domesticat0
- Treatment
- Ethrel 1000ml/hae0
- Outcome
- fruit qualitye0
- Direction
- beste0
- Value
- 70mme0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Ethrel 1000ml/ha had the best fruit quality (i.e. preferred diameter class of 70mm)”
t0“Chemical and non-chemical thinning methods in apple (Malus domestica borkh)”
Claim · model-written summary
Azolon fluid produced 55% thinning before June drop in 2002.
- Taxon
- appleMalus domesticat0
- Treatment
- Azolon fluide0
- Outcome
- thinninge0
- Value
- 55%e0
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Azolon fluid resulted in 55% thinning in the first fruit set count before June drop”
t0“Chemical and non-chemical thinning methods in apple (Malus domestica borkh)”
Claim · model-written summary
Ethrel produced 56% thinning before June drop in 2002.
- Taxon
- appleMalus domesticat0
- Treatment
- Ethrele0
- Outcome
- thinning effectse0
- Value
- 56%e0
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Ethrel had 56% and Azolon plus Ethrel 54% thinning effects”
t0“Chemical and non-chemical thinning methods in apple (Malus domestica borkh)”
Claim · model-written summary
Azolon plus Ethrel produced 54% thinning before June drop in 2002.
- Taxon
- appleMalus domesticat0
- Treatment
- Azolon plus Ethrele0
- Outcome
- thinning effectse0
- Value
- 54%e0
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Azolon plus Ethrel 54% thinning effects”
t0“Chemical and non-chemical thinning methods in apple (Malus domestica borkh)”
Claim · model-written summary
The 2002 chemical thinning effects did not differ significantly from defoliation.
- Taxon
- appleMalus domesticat0
- Treatment
- Azolon plus Ethrele1
- Outcome
- thinning effectse1
- Direction
- not significantly differente0
- Comparator
- defoliated treatmente0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“which were not significantly different from defoliated treatment”
t0“Chemical and non-chemical thinning methods in apple (Malus domestica borkh)”
e1“Ethrel had 56% and Azolon plus Ethrel 54% thinning effects”
Claim · model-written summary
Transpiration fell by 5% after Azolon application.
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Transpiration and photosynthetic rates were reduced by 5% and 20%, respectively.”
t0“Chemical and non-chemical thinning methods in apple (Malus domestica borkh)”
e1“Azolon fluid resulted in 55% thinning in the first fruit set count before June drop”
Claim · model-written summary
Photosynthetic rate fell by 20% after Azolon application.
- Taxon
- appleMalus domesticat0
- Treatment
- Azolone1
- Outcome
- photosynthetic ratese0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Value
- 20%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Transpiration and photosynthetic rates were reduced by 5% and 20%, respectively.”
t0“Chemical and non-chemical thinning methods in apple (Malus domestica borkh)”
e1“Azolon fluid resulted in 55% thinning in the first fruit set count before June drop”
Claim · model-written summary
Ethrel at 300ml/ha significantly reduced yield from 29.2kg/ha in the control to 25.5kg/tree.
- Taxon
- appleMalus domesticat0
- Treatment
- Ethrel at 300ml/hae0
- Outcome
- yielde0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Value
- 25.5kg/treee0
- Qualifier
- 29.2kg/hae0
- Comparator
- controle0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Ethrel at 300ml/ha reduced yield significantly from 29.2kg/ha in the control to 25.5kg/tree”
t0“Chemical and non-chemical thinning methods in apple (Malus domestica borkh)”
Claim · model-written summary
Azolon had no effect on yield.
- Taxon
- appleMalus domesticat0
- Treatment
- methylene urea (Azolon)e0
- Outcome
- no effecte0
- Direction
- no effecte0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“methylene urea (Azolon) had no effect”
t0“Chemical and non-chemical thinning methods in apple (Malus domestica borkh)”
Claim · model-written summary
Methylene urea thinning increased the share of fruit over 70mm to 67%.
- Taxon
- appleMalus domesticat0
- Treatment
- methylene ureae0
- Outcome
- fruit sizee0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 67%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Thinning with methylene urea increased fruit size to 67% and Ethrel (Flordimex) to 79% of fruits larger than 70mm”
t0“Chemical and non-chemical thinning methods in apple (Malus domestica borkh)”
Claim · model-written summary
Ethrel thinning increased the share of fruit over 70mm to 79%.
- Taxon
- appleMalus domesticat0
- Treatment
- Ethrel (Flordimex)e0
- Outcome
- fruits larger than 70mme0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 79%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Thinning with methylene urea increased fruit size to 67% and Ethrel (Flordimex) to 79% of fruits larger than 70mm”
t0“Chemical and non-chemical thinning methods in apple (Malus domestica borkh)”
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