Abstract
Abstract Black mustard [ Brassica nigra (L.) Koch.] contains water‐soluble allelochemicals that inhibit the germination and growth of other species. This characteristic could be used in weed management programmes. Greenhouse and laboratory experiments were conducted to determine the effects on wild barley ( Hordeum spontaneum Koch.) germination and seedling growth of (i) preceding crops, (ii) fresh black mustard residue incorporation, and (iii) black mustard leaf, stem, flower and root water extract concentrations. Growth of wild barley, as indicated by plant height and weight, was significantly reduced when grown in soil previously cropped to black mustard compared with that cropped to wild barley. Soil incorporation of fresh black mustard roots and both roots and shoots reduced wild barley germination, plant height and weight when compared with a no‐residue control. In bioassays, black mustard extracts reduced wild barley hypocotyl length, hypocotyl weight, radicle weight, seed germination, and radicle length by as much as 44, 55, 57, 63 and 75 %, respectively, when compared with a water control. Increasing the water extract concentrations from 4 to 20 g per 100 ml of water of all black mustard parts significantly increased the inhibition of wild barley germination, seedling length and weight. Based on 8‐day‐old wild barley radicle length, averaged across all extract concentrations, the degree of toxicity of different black mustard plant parts can be ranked in the following order of inhibition: leaves > flowers > mixture of all plant parts > stems > roots.
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Claims 10
Claim · model-written summary
Previous black mustard cropping significantly reduced wild barley height and weight compared with previous wild barley cropping.
- Taxon
- wild barley
.jpg?width=60)
Hordeum vulgare subsp. spontaneume0 - Treatment
- soil previously cropped to black mustarde0
- Interactor
- black mustard
_leaves.JPG?width=60)
Brassica nigrae0weed - Outcome
- plant height and weighte0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Comparator
- that cropped to wild barleye0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
.jpg?width=500)
_leaves.JPG?width=500)
Verbatim
e0“Growth of wild barley, as indicated by plant height and weight, was significantly reduced when grown in soil previously cropped to black mustard compared with that cropped to wild barley”
Claim · model-written summary
Incorporated fresh black mustard roots reduced wild barley germination, height and weight versus no residue.
- Taxon
- wild barleyHordeum vulgare subsp. spontaneume0
- Treatment
- fresh black mustard rootse0
- Interactor
- black mustardBrassica nigrae0weed
- Outcome
- wild barley germination, plant height and weighte0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Comparator
- no‐residue controle0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Soil incorporation of fresh black mustard roots and both roots and shoots reduced wild barley germination, plant height and weight when compared with a no‐residue control”
Claim · model-written summary
Incorporated fresh black mustard roots and shoots reduced wild barley germination, height and weight versus no residue.
- Taxon
- wild barleyHordeum vulgare subsp. spontaneume0
- Treatment
- roots and shootse0
- Interactor
- black mustardBrassica nigrae0weed
- Outcome
- wild barley germination, plant height and weighte0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Comparator
- no‐residue controle0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Soil incorporation of fresh black mustard roots and both roots and shoots reduced wild barley germination, plant height and weight when compared with a no‐residue control”
Claim · model-written summary
Mustard extracts reduced wild barley hypocotyl length by as much as 44%.
- Taxon
- wild barleyHordeum vulgare subsp. spontaneume0
- Treatment
- black mustard extractse0
- Interactor
- black mustardBrassica nigrae0weed
- Outcome
- wild barley hypocotyl lengthe0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Value
- 44e0
- Comparator
- water controle0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“black mustard extracts reduced wild barley hypocotyl length, hypocotyl weight, radicle weight, seed germination, and radicle length by as much as 44, 55, 57, 63 and 75 %, respectively, when compared with a water control”
Claim · model-written summary
Mustard extracts reduced wild barley hypocotyl weight by as much as 55%.
- Taxon
- wild barleyHordeum vulgare subsp. spontaneume0
- Treatment
- black mustard extractse0
- Interactor
- black mustardBrassica nigrae0weed
- Outcome
- hypocotyl weighte0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Value
- 55e0
- Comparator
- water controle0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“black mustard extracts reduced wild barley hypocotyl length, hypocotyl weight, radicle weight, seed germination, and radicle length by as much as 44, 55, 57, 63 and 75 %, respectively, when compared with a water control”
Claim · model-written summary
Mustard extracts reduced wild barley radicle weight by as much as 57%.
- Taxon
- wild barleyHordeum vulgare subsp. spontaneume0
- Treatment
- black mustard extractse0
- Interactor
- black mustardBrassica nigrae0weed
- Outcome
- radicle weighte0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Value
- 57e0
- Comparator
- water controle0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“black mustard extracts reduced wild barley hypocotyl length, hypocotyl weight, radicle weight, seed germination, and radicle length by as much as 44, 55, 57, 63 and 75 %, respectively, when compared with a water control”
Claim · model-written summary
Mustard extracts reduced wild barley seed germination by as much as 63%.
- Taxon
- wild barleyHordeum vulgare subsp. spontaneume0
- Treatment
- black mustard extractse0
- Interactor
- black mustardBrassica nigrae0weed
- Outcome
- seed germinatione0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Value
- 63e0
- Comparator
- water controle0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“black mustard extracts reduced wild barley hypocotyl length, hypocotyl weight, radicle weight, seed germination, and radicle length by as much as 44, 55, 57, 63 and 75 %, respectively, when compared with a water control”
Claim · model-written summary
Mustard extracts reduced wild barley radicle length by as much as 75%.
- Taxon
- wild barleyHordeum vulgare subsp. spontaneume0
- Treatment
- black mustard extractse0
- Interactor
- black mustardBrassica nigrae0weed
- Outcome
- radicle lengthe0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Value
- 75 %e0
- Comparator
- water controle0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“black mustard extracts reduced wild barley hypocotyl length, hypocotyl weight, radicle weight, seed germination, and radicle length by as much as 44, 55, 57, 63 and 75 %, respectively, when compared with a water control”
Claim · model-written summary
Increasing concentrations of black mustard part extracts significantly increased inhibition of wild barley germination, seedling length and weight.
- Taxon
- wild barleyHordeum vulgare subsp. spontaneume0
- Treatment
- water extract concentrations from 4 to 20 g per 100 ml of watere0
- Interactor
- black mustardBrassica nigrae0weed
- Outcome
- inhibition of wild barley germination, seedling length and weighte0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Increasing the water extract concentrations from 4 to 20 g per 100 ml of water of all black mustard parts significantly increased the inhibition of wild barley germination, seedling length and weight”
Claim · model-written summary
Based on radicle length, mustard part toxicity ranked leaves above flowers, mixtures, stems and roots.
- Taxon
- wild barleyHordeum vulgare subsp. spontaneume0
- Interactor
- black mustardBrassica nigrae0weed
- Outcome
- degree of toxicity of different black mustard plant partse0
- Value
- leaves > flowers > mixture of all plant parts > stems > rootse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Based on 8‐day‐old wild barley radicle length, averaged across all extract concentrations, the degree of toxicity of different black mustard plant parts can be ranked in the following order of inhibition: leaves > flowers > mixture of all plant parts > stems > roots”
The same questions in other papers
botanical · growth · Hordeum vulgare (barley)Positive and negative results
47 papers in the same direction as this paper · 35 in the opposite direction · 1 reporting no difference from an alternative
- negative
- positive
- no effect
80 papers more in this group
See all 84 papers →Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.