Abstract
Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) is the major staple food of India and its increased production is essential for food security. Weeds constitute one of the biggest problems in agriculture that not only reduce the yield and quality of wheat crop but also utilize essential nutrients. Hence, weed control is essential for increasing wheat production. Despite of its control on weeds, herbicides also affect beneficial non-targeted soil microbes including VAM fungi. Fenoxaprop-P-ethyl and 2, 4-D ethyl-ester are two most widely used herbicides in northern India to control monocot and dicot weeds, respectively. However, their effects on mycorrhizal fungi are seldom highlighted. Therefore, the present investigation was focused on the effect of these herbicides on soil fungi of wheat crop alongwith special emphasis on mycorrhizal fungi. Three doses of each herbicide i. e. fenoxaprop and 2, 4-D (recommended dose 0.1 kg/ha; 0.5 kg/ha, half of the recommended dose 0.05 kg/ha; 0.25 kg/ha and double of the recommended dose 0.2 kg/ha; 1.0 kg/ha), respectively, were applied and their effect on soil fungi was studied at 30th, 60th, 90th and 120th day of treatment. Warcup's soil plate method, wet sieving and decanting technique and rapid clearing and staining techniques were used for qualitative study, isolation of mycorrhizal spores and root colonization, respectively. Our results indicate that both herbicides had significant deleterious effects on soil fungi, mycorrhizal spore numbers and percentage root colonization and this effect increased with herbicide concentration. In our chemical warfare against weeds, it is necessary to avoid serious injuries to the beneficial soil microbes. Therefore, use of herbicides in high doses should be resorted to carefully and judiciously.
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Claims 5
Claim · model-written summary
Both herbicides significantly reduced soil fungi.
- Taxon
- Wheat
Triticum aestivumt0 - Treatment
- herbicidese1
- Outcome
- soil fungie1
- Direction
- decreaseinferrede1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“Our results indicate that both herbicides had significant deleterious effects on soil fungi, mycorrhizal spore numbers and percentage root colonization and this effect increased with herbicide concentration”
t0“Effect of Herbicides Fenoxaprop-P-ethyl and 2,4-D Ethyl-ester on Soil Mycoflora Including VAM Fungi in Wheat Crop”
Claim · model-written summary
The deleterious effect of herbicides increased with herbicide concentration.
- Taxon
- WheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- herbicide concentratione1
- Outcome
- this effecte1
- Direction
- increasede1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“Our results indicate that both herbicides had significant deleterious effects on soil fungi, mycorrhizal spore numbers and percentage root colonization and this effect increased with herbicide concentration”
t0“Effect of Herbicides Fenoxaprop-P-ethyl and 2,4-D Ethyl-ester on Soil Mycoflora Including VAM Fungi in Wheat Crop”
Claim · model-written summary
Herbicides significantly reduced mycorrhizal spore numbers and root colonization by VAM fungi in wheat.
- Taxon
- WheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- herbicidese1
- Interactor
- VAM fungie2symbiont
- Outcome
- mycorrhizal spore numbers and percentage root colonizatione1
- Direction
- decreaseinferrede1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“Our results indicate that both herbicides had significant deleterious effects on soil fungi, mycorrhizal spore numbers and percentage root colonization and this effect increased with herbicide concentration”
e2“herbicides also affect beneficial non-targeted soil microbes including VAM fungi”
t0“Effect of Herbicides Fenoxaprop-P-ethyl and 2,4-D Ethyl-ester on Soil Mycoflora Including VAM Fungi in Wheat Crop”
Claim · model-written summary
Herbicides should be used in high doses only with care and judiciously.
- Taxon
- WheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Outcome
- use of herbicides in high dosese3
- Qualifier
- carefully and judiciouslye3
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e3“use of herbicides in high doses should be resorted to carefully and judiciously”
t0“Effect of Herbicides Fenoxaprop-P-ethyl and 2,4-D Ethyl-ester on Soil Mycoflora Including VAM Fungi in Wheat Crop”
Claim · model-written summary
Chemical weed control should avoid serious injury to beneficial soil microbes.
- Taxon
- WheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Outcome
- avoid serious injuries to the beneficial soil microbese4
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e4“it is necessary to avoid serious injuries to the beneficial soil microbes”
t0“Effect of Herbicides Fenoxaprop-P-ethyl and 2,4-D Ethyl-ester on Soil Mycoflora Including VAM Fungi in Wheat Crop”
The same questions in other papers
herbicide · disease · Triticum aestivum (wheat)Positive and negative results
10 papers in the same direction as this paper · 18 in the opposite direction
- positive
- positive
- positive
25 papers more in this group
See all 29 papers →Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.