Abstract
Abstract There is a need to design intensive cropping systems that can reap multiple benefits from annual forages including animal feed, soil fertility and weed control. Considering pea/oat ( Pisum sativum cv. 40–10/ Avena sativa cv. Legget) as a standard green manure, this study investigated the productivity, weed competitiveness, utilization and nitrogen (N) benefit from grazed and ungrazed green manures to spring wheat ( Triticum aestivum cv. Waskada) and fall rye ( Secale cereale cv. Hazlet). A set of 3-year experiments was carried out in Carman, Manitoba, Canada in 2009, and was repeated in 2010 and 2011. Green manures were grazed by 2–3 ewes and 2–5 lambs for 24 h (1111–1667 sheep days per ha). Averaged over experiments pea/oat mix, hairy vetch ( Vicia villosa L.) and sweetclover ( Melilotus officinalis cv. Norgold) above-ground dry matter (DM) production were 5036, 5032 and 4064 kg ha −1 , respectively. Lentil ( Lens culinaris cv. Indianhead), a mixture of seven species and soybean ( Glycine max cv. Prudence) produced the least amount of DM over 3 years; 3589, 3551, 3174 kg ha −1 , respectively. Pea/oat and hairy vetch were the most weed-competitive species and, averaged over 3 years, contained less than 15% weed DM. Utilization of green manures by grazing animals varied little among species across years and ranged from 28 to 86% for individual species and years. When combined across experiments grazing increased N availability to the wheat crop. The grazing effect was significant for wheat DM production, N uptake and grain N, but not significant for yield across experiments. Averaged over 3 years, wheat took up 107 kg N ha −1 from grazed plots versus 98 kg N ha −1 from ungrazed plots. A significant species×management interaction for total (wheat+fall rye) N uptake in 2009 indicated that increasing the proportion of legumes in the green manure increased N benefit from grazing. Fall rye productivity was not affected by grazing. We recommend pea/oat and hairy vetch as two green manure species to enhance the overall system performance to achieve high level of DM production, good weed competition, utilization by sheep and provision of N benefit to the following wheat and fall rye crops.
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Claims 18
Claim · model-written summary
Pea/oat mix produced 5036 kg ha −1 above-ground dry matter.
Verbatim
e0“pea/oat mix, hairy vetch ( Vicia villosa L.) and sweetclover ( Melilotus officinalis cv. Norgold) above-ground dry matter (DM) production were 5036, 5032 and 4064 kg ha −1 , respectively.”
Claim · model-written summary
Hairy vetch produced 5032 kg ha −1 above-ground dry matter.
- Taxon
- hairy vetch
Vicia villosae0 - Outcome
- above-ground dry matter (DM) productione0
- Value
- 5032e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“hairy vetch ( Vicia villosa L.) and sweetclover ( Melilotus officinalis cv. Norgold) above-ground dry matter (DM) production were 5036, 5032 and 4064 kg ha −1 , respectively.”
Claim · model-written summary
Sweetclover produced 4064 kg ha −1 above-ground dry matter.
Verbatim
e0“sweetclover ( Melilotus officinalis cv. Norgold) above-ground dry matter (DM) production were 5036, 5032 and 4064 kg ha −1 , respectively.”
Claim · model-written summary
Lentil produced 3589 kg ha −1 dry matter, among the lowest.
- Taxon
- Lentil
Lens culinarise0 - Outcome
- DMe0
- Direction
- leaste0
- Value
- 3589e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Lentil ( Lens culinaris cv. Indianhead), a mixture of seven species and soybean ( Glycine max cv. Prudence) produced the least amount of DM over 3 years; 3589, 3551, 3174 kg ha −1 , respectively.”
Claim · model-written summary
The seven-species mixture produced 3551 kg ha −1 dry matter, among the lowest.
Verbatim
e0“a mixture of seven species and soybean ( Glycine max cv. Prudence) produced the least amount of DM over 3 years; 3589, 3551, 3174 kg ha −1 , respectively.”
Claim · model-written summary
Soybean produced 3174 kg ha −1 dry matter, among the lowest.
- Taxon
- soybean
Glycine maxe0 - Outcome
- DMe0
- Direction
- leaste0
- Value
- 3174 kg ha −1e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“soybean ( Glycine max cv. Prudence) produced the least amount of DM over 3 years; 3589, 3551, 3174 kg ha −1 , respectively.”
Claim · model-written summary
Pea/oat was among the most weed-competitive green manures, with less than 15% weed dry matter.
- Taxon
- Pea/oat
Lathyrus oleraceus
Avena sativae0 - Interactor
- weede0weed
- Outcome
- weed DMe0
- Direction
- less thane0
- Value
- 15%e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Pea/oat and hairy vetch were the most weed-competitive species and, averaged over 3 years, contained less than 15% weed DM.”
Claim · model-written summary
Hairy vetch was among the most weed-competitive green manures, with less than 15% weed dry matter.
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Pea/oat and hairy vetch were the most weed-competitive species and, averaged over 3 years, contained less than 15% weed DM.”
Claim · model-written summary
Grazing utilization of green manures varied little among species and ranged from 28 to 86%.
Verbatim
e0“Utilization of green manures by grazing animals varied little among species across years and ranged from 28 to 86% for individual species and years.”
Claim · model-written summary
Grazing increased nitrogen availability to wheat.
- Taxon
- wheat
Triticum aestivume0 - Treatment
- grazinge0
- Outcome
- N availabilitye0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“When combined across experiments grazing increased N availability to the wheat crop.”
Claim · model-written summary
Grazing significantly increased wheat dry matter production.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Treatment
- grazinge0
- Outcome
- wheat DM productione0
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The grazing effect was significant for wheat DM production, N uptake and grain N, but not significant for yield across experiments.”
Claim · model-written summary
Grazing significantly affected wheat nitrogen uptake, which averaged 107 versus 98 kg N ha −1 in grazed and ungrazed plots.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Treatment
- grazed plotse0
- Outcome
- Ne0
- Direction
- higherinferrede0
- Value
- 107 kg N ha −1e0
- Qualifier
- 98 kg N ha −1e0
- Comparator
- ungrazed plotse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Averaged over 3 years, wheat took up 107 kg N ha −1 from grazed plots versus 98 kg N ha −1 from ungrazed plots.”
e1“The grazing effect was significant for wheat DM production, N uptake and grain N, but not significant for yield across experiments.”
Claim · model-written summary
Grazing significantly affected wheat grain nitrogen.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Treatment
- grazinge0
- Outcome
- grain Ne0
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The grazing effect was significant for wheat DM production, N uptake and grain N, but not significant for yield across experiments.”
Claim · model-written summary
Grazing had no statistically significant effect on wheat yield.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Treatment
- grazinge0
- Outcome
- yielde0
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The grazing effect was significant for wheat DM production, N uptake and grain N, but not significant for yield across experiments.”
Claim · model-written summary
A greater proportion of legumes in green manure increased nitrogen benefit from grazing.
Verbatim
e0“increasing the proportion of legumes in the green manure increased N benefit from grazing.”
e1“A significant species×management interaction for total (wheat+fall rye) N uptake in 2009”
Claim · model-written summary
Fall rye productivity was unaffected by grazing.
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e0“Fall rye productivity was not affected by grazing.”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors recommend pea/oat green manure for overall system performance.
- Taxon
- pea/oatLathyrus oleraceusAvena sativae0
- Outcome
- enhance the overall system performancee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“We recommend pea/oat and hairy vetch as two green manure species to enhance the overall system performance to achieve high level of DM production, good weed competition, utilization by sheep and provision of N benefit to the following wheat and fall rye crops.”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors recommend hairy vetch green manure for overall system performance.
- Taxon
- hairy vetchVicia villosae0
- Outcome
- enhance the overall system performancee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“We recommend pea/oat and hairy vetch as two green manure species to enhance the overall system performance to achieve high level of DM production, good weed competition, utilization by sheep and provision of N benefit to the following wheat and fall rye crops.”
The same questions in other papers
grazing · yield · Secale cereale (rye)Positive and negative results
2 in the opposite direction
- positive
- positive
grazing · nutrient: content · Triticum aestivum (wheat)Positive and negative results
1 paper in the same direction as this paper · 2 in the opposite direction
- no effect
- negative
- positive
Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.