Abstract
Abstract The System of Rice Intensification (SRI) reportedly enhances the yields of rice ( Oryza sativa L.) through synergy among several agronomic management practices. This study was conducted to investigate the effects on rice plant characteristics and yield by comparing the plants grown with different methods of cultivation – SRI vs. recommended management practices (RMP) focusing on the impact of different plant spacings. Performance of individual hills was significantly improved with wider spacing compared with closer‐spaced hills in terms of root growth and xylem exudation rates, leaf number and leaf sizes, canopy angle, tiller and panicle number, panicle length and grain number per panicle, grain filling and 1000‐grain weight and straw weight, irrespective of whether SRI or RMP was employed. Both sets of practices gave their highest grain yield with the spacing of 20 × 20 cm; however, SRI yielded 40 % more than the recommended practice. At this spacing, canopies also had the highest leaf area index (LAI) and light interception during flowering stage. The lowest yield was recorded at 30 × 30 cm spacing under both the practices, as a result of less plant population (11 m −2 ), despite improved hill performance. During the ripening stage, hills with wider spacing had larger root dry weight, produced greater xylem exudates, and transported these towards shoot at faster rates. These features contributed to the maintenance of higher chlorophyll levels, enhanced fluorescence and photosynthesis rates of leaves and supported more favourable yield attributes and grain yield in individual hills than in closely‐spaced plants. Moreover, these parameters further improved in SRI, apart from the enhanced percentage of effective tillers and showed substantial and positive impacts on grain yield (17 %) compared with recommended practice. In conclusion, wide spacing beyond optimum plant density, however, does not give higher grain yield on an area basis and for achieving this, a combination of improved hills with optimum plant population must be worked out for SRI.
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Claims 19
Claim · model-written summary
Wider spacing significantly improved root growth and xylem exudation rates of individual hills compared with closer spacing.
- Taxon
- Rice
Oryza sativat0 - Treatment
- wider spacinge0
- Outcome
- root growth and xylem exudation ratese0
- Direction
- improvede0
- Qualifier
- irrespective of whether SRI or RMP was employede0
- Comparator
- closer‐spaced hillse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Performance of individual hills was significantly improved with wider spacing compared with closer‐spaced hills in terms of root growth and xylem exudation rates, leaf number and leaf sizes, canopy angle, tiller and panicle number, panicle length and grain number per panicle, grain filling and 1000‐grain weight and straw weight, irrespective of whether SRI or RMP was employed”
t0“Comparative Performance of Rice”
Claim · model-written summary
Wider spacing significantly improved leaf number, leaf sizes and canopy angle of individual hills.
- Taxon
- RiceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- wider spacinge0
- Outcome
- leaf number and leaf sizes, canopy anglee0
- Direction
- improvede0
- Qualifier
- irrespective of whether SRI or RMP was employede0
- Comparator
- closer‐spaced hillse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Performance of individual hills was significantly improved with wider spacing compared with closer‐spaced hills in terms of root growth and xylem exudation rates, leaf number and leaf sizes, canopy angle, tiller and panicle number, panicle length and grain number per panicle, grain filling and 1000‐grain weight and straw weight, irrespective of whether SRI or RMP was employed”
t0“Comparative Performance of Rice”
Claim · model-written summary
Wider spacing significantly improved tiller and panicle number and panicle length of individual hills.
- Taxon
- RiceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- wider spacinge0
- Outcome
- tiller and panicle number, panicle lengthe0
- Direction
- improvede0
- Qualifier
- irrespective of whether SRI or RMP was employede0
- Comparator
- closer‐spaced hillse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Performance of individual hills was significantly improved with wider spacing compared with closer‐spaced hills in terms of root growth and xylem exudation rates, leaf number and leaf sizes, canopy angle, tiller and panicle number, panicle length and grain number per panicle, grain filling and 1000‐grain weight and straw weight, irrespective of whether SRI or RMP was employed”
t0“Comparative Performance of Rice”
Claim · model-written summary
Wider spacing significantly improved grain number per panicle, grain filling and 1000-grain weight of individual hills.
- Taxon
- RiceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- wider spacinge0
- Outcome
- grain number per panicle, grain filling and 1000‐grain weighte0
- Direction
- improvede0
- Qualifier
- irrespective of whether SRI or RMP was employede0
- Comparator
- closer‐spaced hillse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Performance of individual hills was significantly improved with wider spacing compared with closer‐spaced hills in terms of root growth and xylem exudation rates, leaf number and leaf sizes, canopy angle, tiller and panicle number, panicle length and grain number per panicle, grain filling and 1000‐grain weight and straw weight, irrespective of whether SRI or RMP was employed”
t0“Comparative Performance of Rice”
Claim · model-written summary
Wider spacing significantly improved straw weight of individual hills.
- Taxon
- RiceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- wider spacinge0
- Outcome
- straw weighte0
- Direction
- improvede0
- Qualifier
- irrespective of whether SRI or RMP was employede0
- Comparator
- closer‐spaced hillse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Performance of individual hills was significantly improved with wider spacing compared with closer‐spaced hills in terms of root growth and xylem exudation rates, leaf number and leaf sizes, canopy angle, tiller and panicle number, panicle length and grain number per panicle, grain filling and 1000‐grain weight and straw weight, irrespective of whether SRI or RMP was employed”
t0“Comparative Performance of Rice”
Claim · model-written summary
Both SRI and recommended practice gave their highest grain yield at the 20 × 20 cm spacing.
- Taxon
- RiceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- spacing of 20 × 20 cme0
- Outcome
- grain yielde0
- Direction
- higheste0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Both sets of practices gave their highest grain yield with the spacing of 20 × 20 cm”
t0“Comparative Performance of Rice”
Claim · model-written summary
SRI yielded 40% more grain than the recommended practice.
- Taxon
- RiceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- SRIe0
- Outcome
- yielde0
- Direction
- moree0
- Value
- 40 %e0
- Comparator
- the recommended practicee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“however, SRI yielded 40 % more than the recommended practice”
t0“Comparative Performance of Rice”
Claim · model-written summary
At 20 × 20 cm spacing, canopies had the highest leaf area index and light interception at flowering stage.
- Taxon
- RiceOryza sativat0
- Organ / stage
- flowering stagee0
- Outcome
- leaf area index (LAI) and light interceptione0
- Direction
- higheste0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“At this spacing, canopies also had the highest leaf area index (LAI) and light interception during flowering stage”
t0“Comparative Performance of Rice”
Claim · model-written summary
The lowest yield was recorded at 30 × 30 cm spacing under both practices, despite improved hill performance.
- Taxon
- RiceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- 30 × 30 cm spacinge0
- Outcome
- yielde0
- Direction
- loweste0
- Qualifier
- less plant population (11 m −2 )e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The lowest yield was recorded at 30 × 30 cm spacing under both the practices, as a result of less plant population (11 m −2 ), despite improved hill performance”
t0“Comparative Performance of Rice”
Claim · model-written summary
During ripening, hills at wider spacing had larger root dry weight.
- Taxon
- RiceOryza sativat0
- Organ / stage
- ripening stagee0
- Treatment
- wider spacinge0
- Outcome
- root dry weighte0
- Direction
- largere0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“During the ripening stage, hills with wider spacing had larger root dry weight, produced greater xylem exudates, and transported these towards shoot at faster rates”
t0“Comparative Performance of Rice”
Claim · model-written summary
During ripening, hills at wider spacing produced greater xylem exudates.
- Taxon
- RiceOryza sativat0
- Organ / stage
- ripening stagee0
- Treatment
- wider spacinge0
- Outcome
- xylem exudatese0
- Direction
- greatere0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“During the ripening stage, hills with wider spacing had larger root dry weight, produced greater xylem exudates, and transported these towards shoot at faster rates”
t0“Comparative Performance of Rice”
Claim · model-written summary
During ripening, hills at wider spacing transported xylem sap toward the shoot at faster rates.
- Taxon
- RiceOryza sativat0
- Organ / stage
- ripening stagee0
- Treatment
- wider spacinge0
- Outcome
- transported these towards shoote0
- Direction
- fastere0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“During the ripening stage, hills with wider spacing had larger root dry weight, produced greater xylem exudates, and transported these towards shoot at faster rates”
t0“Comparative Performance of Rice”
Claim · model-written summary
Wider spacing contributed to higher chlorophyll levels in individual hills than in closely spaced plants.
- Taxon
- RiceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- wider spacinge0
- Outcome
- chlorophyll levelse1
- Direction
- highere1
- Comparator
- closely‐spaced plantse1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“During the ripening stage, hills with wider spacing had larger root dry weight, produced greater xylem exudates, and transported these towards shoot at faster rates”
e1“These features contributed to the maintenance of higher chlorophyll levels, enhanced fluorescence and photosynthesis rates of leaves and supported more favourable yield attributes and grain yield in individual hills than in closely‐spaced plants”
t0“Comparative Performance of Rice”
Claim · model-written summary
Wider spacing enhanced fluorescence and photosynthesis rates of leaves in individual hills.
- Taxon
- RiceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- wider spacinge0
- Outcome
- fluorescence and photosynthesis rates of leavese1
- Direction
- enhancede1
- Comparator
- closely‐spaced plantse1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“During the ripening stage, hills with wider spacing had larger root dry weight, produced greater xylem exudates, and transported these towards shoot at faster rates”
e1“These features contributed to the maintenance of higher chlorophyll levels, enhanced fluorescence and photosynthesis rates of leaves and supported more favourable yield attributes and grain yield in individual hills than in closely‐spaced plants”
t0“Comparative Performance of Rice”
Claim · model-written summary
Wider spacing supported more favourable yield attributes and grain yield in individual hills than in closely spaced plants.
- Taxon
- RiceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- wider spacinge0
- Outcome
- yield attributes and grain yielde1
- Direction
- more favourablee1
- Comparator
- closely‐spaced plantse1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“During the ripening stage, hills with wider spacing had larger root dry weight, produced greater xylem exudates, and transported these towards shoot at faster rates”
e1“These features contributed to the maintenance of higher chlorophyll levels, enhanced fluorescence and photosynthesis rates of leaves and supported more favourable yield attributes and grain yield in individual hills than in closely‐spaced plants”
t0“Comparative Performance of Rice”
Claim · model-written summary
SRI enhanced the percentage of effective tillers compared with recommended practice.
- Taxon
- RiceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- SRIe0
- Outcome
- percentage of effective tillerse0
- Direction
- enhancede0
- Comparator
- recommended practicee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Moreover, these parameters further improved in SRI, apart from the enhanced percentage of effective tillers and showed substantial and positive impacts on grain yield (17 %) compared with recommended practice”
t0“Comparative Performance of Rice”
Claim · model-written summary
SRI had a substantial positive impact of 17% on grain yield compared with recommended practice.
- Taxon
- RiceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- SRIe0
- Outcome
- grain yielde0
- Direction
- positivee0
- Value
- 17 %e0
- Comparator
- recommended practicee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Moreover, these parameters further improved in SRI, apart from the enhanced percentage of effective tillers and showed substantial and positive impacts on grain yield (17 %) compared with recommended practice”
t0“Comparative Performance of Rice”
Claim · model-written summary
Wide spacing beyond optimum plant density does not give higher grain yield on an area basis.
- Taxon
- RiceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- wide spacing beyond optimum plant densitye0
- Outcome
- grain yield on an area basise0
- Direction
- does not give highere0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“In conclusion, wide spacing beyond optimum plant density, however, does not give higher grain yield on an area basis”
t0“Comparative Performance of Rice”
Claim · model-written summary
A combination of improved hills with optimum plant population must be worked out for SRI.
- Taxon
- RiceOryza sativat0
- Outcome
- a combination of improved hills with optimum plant populatione0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“a combination of improved hills with optimum plant population must be worked out for SRI”
t0“Comparative Performance of Rice”
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