Abstract
1. Italian ryegrass, laid down for two years, was used to compare the value of casein and formalized casein, ammonium sulphate, calcium nitrate and urea for grassland production. Residual effects of these treatments were measured on a third-year crop of barley. 2. Single dressings of ammonium sulphate and casein were of similar value at each of three cuttings in 1956. 3. Casein treated with formalin released nitrogen much more slowly and was of little value in the early part of the growing season. Formalized casein produced significantly higher yields than casein at the later cuttings in both years, but aggregate increases from this material were much lower than those obtained from untreated casein in each season. Formalized casein increased yields considerably in the year following application. 4. Single dressings of formalized casein were also compared with ‘repeated’ dressings of ammonium sulphate, calcium nitrate and urea, in which the same total quantity of nitrogen was divided equally between cuttings. Formalized casein produced much lower yields than these ‘repeated’ dressings in the early part of the season, but was of only slightly less value at the last cut in 1956 and gave the highest yield at the final cut in 1957. Aggregate yields from repeated dressings of inorganic N fertilizers were higher than those given by single dressings of either form of casein. 5. Comparisons were also made between the yields given by ammonium sulphate, calcium nitrate and urea. Urea applied before sowing (at 0·5 cwt. N/acre) damaged germination and reduced plant establishment slightly. Under dry conditions both urea and calcium nitrate tended to give higher yields than ammonium sulphate but with adequate rain all three fertilizers gave similar yields.
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Claims 14
Claim · model-written summary
Single dressings of ammonium sulphate and casein were of similar value at each cutting in 1956.
- Taxon
- Italian ryegrass
Lolium multiflorume0 - Treatment
- Single dressings of ammonium sulphatee1
- Outcome
- value at each of three cuttingse1
- Comparator
- caseine1
- Setting
- in 1956e1
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Italian ryegrass, laid down for two years”
e1“Single dressings of ammonium sulphate and casein were of similar value at each of three cuttings in 1956”
Claim · model-written summary
Casein treated with formalin released nitrogen much more slowly than untreated casein.
- Taxon
- Italian ryegrassLolium multiflorume0
- Treatment
- Casein treated with formaline2
- Outcome
- released nitrogene2
- Direction
- much more slowlye2
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Italian ryegrass, laid down for two years”
e2“Casein treated with formalin released nitrogen much more slowly”
Claim · model-written summary
Formalin-treated casein was of little value early in the growing season.
- Taxon
- Italian ryegrassLolium multiflorume0
- Treatment
- Casein treated with formaline2
- Outcome
- value in the early part of the growing seasone3
- Direction
- littlee3
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Italian ryegrass, laid down for two years”
e2“Casein treated with formalin released nitrogen much more slowly”
e3“was of little value in the early part of the growing season”
Claim · model-written summary
Formalized casein gave significantly higher yields than casein at the later cuttings in both years.
- Taxon
- Italian ryegrassLolium multiflorume0
- Treatment
- Formalized caseine4
- Outcome
- yieldse4
- Direction
- highere4
- Qualifier
- at the later cuttings in both yearse4
- Comparator
- caseine4
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Italian ryegrass, laid down for two years”
e4“Formalized casein produced significantly higher yields than casein at the later cuttings in both years”
Claim · model-written summary
Aggregate yield increases from formalized casein were much lower than those from untreated casein in each season.
- Taxon
- Italian ryegrassLolium multiflorume0
- Treatment
- Formalized caseine4
- Outcome
- aggregate increasese5
- Direction
- much lowere5
- Comparator
- untreated caseine5
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Italian ryegrass, laid down for two years”
e4“Formalized casein produced significantly higher yields than casein at the later cuttings in both years”
e5“aggregate increases from this material were much lower than those obtained from untreated casein in each season”
Claim · model-written summary
Formalized casein increased yields considerably in the year following application.
- Taxon
- Italian ryegrassLolium multiflorume0
- Treatment
- Formalized caseine6
- Outcome
- yieldse6
- Direction
- increasede6
- Qualifier
- in the year following applicatione6
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Italian ryegrass, laid down for two years”
e6“Formalized casein increased yields considerably in the year following application”
Claim · model-written summary
Formalized casein produced much lower yields than repeated inorganic N dressings in the early part of the season.
- Taxon
- Italian ryegrassLolium multiflorume0
- Treatment
- Formalized caseine7
- Outcome
- yieldse7
- Direction
- much lowere7
- Qualifier
- in the early part of the seasone7
- Comparator
- repeatede7
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Italian ryegrass, laid down for two years”
e7“Formalized casein produced much lower yields than these ‘repeated’ dressings in the early part of the season”
Claim · model-written summary
Formalized casein gave slightly less value than repeated dressings at the last cut in 1956.
- Taxon
- Italian ryegrassLolium multiflorume0
- Treatment
- Formalized caseine7
- Outcome
- value at the last cute1
- Direction
- slightly lesse1
- Comparator
- repeatede7
- Setting
- in 1956e1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Italian ryegrass, laid down for two years”
e7“Formalized casein produced much lower yields than these ‘repeated’ dressings in the early part of the season”
e1“but was of only slightly less value at the last cut in 1956”
Claim · model-written summary
Formalized casein gave the highest yield at the final cut in 1957.
- Taxon
- Italian ryegrassLolium multiflorume0
- Treatment
- Formalized caseine7
- Outcome
- yielde1
- Direction
- higheste1
- Setting
- in 1957e1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Italian ryegrass, laid down for two years”
e7“Formalized casein produced much lower yields than these ‘repeated’ dressings in the early part of the season”
e1“gave the highest yield at the final cut in 1957”
Claim · model-written summary
Repeated dressings of inorganic N fertilizers gave higher aggregate yields than single dressings of either form of casein.
- Taxon
- Italian ryegrassLolium multiflorume0
- Treatment
- repeated dressings of inorganic N fertilizerse1
- Outcome
- Aggregate yieldse1
- Direction
- highere1
- Comparator
- single dressings of either form of caseine1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Italian ryegrass, laid down for two years”
e1“Aggregate yields from repeated dressings of inorganic N fertilizers were higher than those given by single dressings of either form of casein”
Claim · model-written summary
Urea applied before sowing damaged germination of Italian ryegrass.
- Taxon
- Italian ryegrassLolium multiflorume0
- Treatment
- Urea applied before sowing (at 0·5 cwt. N/acre)e1
- Outcome
- germinatione1
- Direction
- damagede1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Italian ryegrass, laid down for two years”
e1“Urea applied before sowing (at 0·5 cwt. N/acre) damaged germination and reduced plant establishment slightly”
Claim · model-written summary
Urea applied before sowing slightly reduced plant establishment of Italian ryegrass.
- Taxon
- Italian ryegrassLolium multiflorume0
- Treatment
- Urea applied before sowing (at 0·5 cwt. N/acre)e1
- Outcome
- plant establishmente1
- Direction
- reducede1
- Qualifier
- slightlye1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Italian ryegrass, laid down for two years”
e1“Urea applied before sowing (at 0·5 cwt. N/acre) damaged germination and reduced plant establishment slightly”
Claim · model-written summary
Under dry conditions, urea and calcium nitrate tended to give higher yields than ammonium sulphate.
- Taxon
- Italian ryegrassLolium multiflorume0
- Treatment
- urea and calcium nitratee1
- Outcome
- yieldse1
- Direction
- highere1
- Qualifier
- tendede1
- Comparator
- ammonium sulphatee1
- Setting
- Under dry conditionse1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Italian ryegrass, laid down for two years”
e1“Under dry conditions both urea and calcium nitrate tended to give higher yields than ammonium sulphate”
Claim · model-written summary
With adequate rain, urea, calcium nitrate and ammonium sulphate gave similar yields.
- Taxon
- Italian ryegrassLolium multiflorume0
- Treatment
- all three fertilizerse1
- Outcome
- yieldse1
- Qualifier
- with adequate raine1
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Italian ryegrass, laid down for two years”
e1“with adequate rain all three fertilizers gave similar yields”
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- no effect
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22 papers in the same direction as this paper · 3 in the opposite direction · 2 reporting no difference from an alternative
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See all 28 papers →Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.