Abstract
Appropriate nitrogen (N) management is important to minimize N losses from intensively managed agricultural ecosystems. Understanding the community structure of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) in response to N management can be of great ecological significance, particularly with the recent emphasis on the role of AMF in N cycling. A comprehensive study of both the vertical distribution of AMF in the soil profile and the temporal changes in community structure in maize roots was conducted over a 5-year period at a field site on the North China Plain. The N treatments consisted of zero N, conventional farming practice, and optimum N based on an in-season soil Nmin test. Terminal restriction fragment length polymorphism and clone sequencing were used to analyse the AMF community. Optimum N mitigated the decline in richness of AMF in the conventional N treatment in the surface soil. Diverse and species-rich AMF communities occurred deep in the soil profile. A significant difference in AMF community structure was observed between the control and fertilizer N treatments but not between the two N application strategies. AMF communities deeper in the soil profile were subsets of those richer communities in the surface soil and the loss of AMF taxa was mostly due to the absence of rare taxa. Soil pH and Nmin contents were major soil properties affecting the soil AMF communities among the N treatments while vertical distribution was influenced mainly by soil electrical conductivity. Crop phenology had a stronger influence than N treatment on the temporal shifts in AMF communities in maize roots. Our results provide evidence for the importance of N management in maintaining AMF diversity. Changes in soil chemical properties due to N fertilization, in particular declining soil pH, should be integrated in N management strategies to reduce the negative impacts on AMF communities induced by N fertilization. Excessive N inputs induced significant changes in soil physicochemical properties, especially soil acidification, and may have negative impacts on AMF communities.
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Claims 12
Claim · model-written summary
Optimum N mitigated the decline in AMF richness under the conventional N treatment in the surface soil of maize fields.
- Treatment
- Optimum Ne1
- Interactor
- AMFe1symbiont
- Outcome
- richness of AMFe1
- Direction
- mitigated the declinee1
- Comparator
- conventional N treatmente1
- Setting
- field site on the North China Plaine0
Zea maysOrganisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“A comprehensive study of both the vertical distribution of AMF in the soil profile and the temporal changes in community structure in maize roots was conducted over a 5-year period at a field site on the North China Plain”
e1“Optimum N mitigated the decline in richness of AMF in the conventional N treatment in the surface soil”
Claim · model-written summary
Diverse and species-rich AMF communities occurred deep in the soil profile of maize fields.
- Interactor
- AMFe2symbiont
- Outcome
- Diverse and species-rich AMF communitiese2
- Setting
- deep in the soil profilee2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“A comprehensive study of both the vertical distribution of AMF in the soil profile and the temporal changes in community structure in maize roots was conducted over a 5-year period at a field site on the North China Plain”
e2“Diverse and species-rich AMF communities occurred deep in the soil profile”
Claim · model-written summary
AMF community structure differed significantly between the control and fertilizer N treatments.
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“A comprehensive study of both the vertical distribution of AMF in the soil profile and the temporal changes in community structure in maize roots was conducted over a 5-year period at a field site on the North China Plain”
e3“A significant difference in AMF community structure was observed between the control and fertilizer N treatments but not between the two N application strategies”
Claim · model-written summary
AMF community structure did not differ significantly between the two N application strategies.
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“A comprehensive study of both the vertical distribution of AMF in the soil profile and the temporal changes in community structure in maize roots was conducted over a 5-year period at a field site on the North China Plain”
e3“A significant difference in AMF community structure was observed between the control and fertilizer N treatments but not between the two N application strategies”
Claim · model-written summary
AMF communities deeper in the soil profile were subsets of the richer communities in the surface soil.
- Interactor
- AMFe4symbiont
- Outcome
- AMF communities deeper in the soil profilee4
- Qualifier
- subsets of those richer communities in the surface soile4
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“A comprehensive study of both the vertical distribution of AMF in the soil profile and the temporal changes in community structure in maize roots was conducted over a 5-year period at a field site on the North China Plain”
e4“AMF communities deeper in the soil profile were subsets of those richer communities in the surface soil and the loss of AMF taxa was mostly due to the absence of rare taxa”
Claim · model-written summary
Loss of AMF taxa with depth was mostly due to the absence of rare taxa.
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“A comprehensive study of both the vertical distribution of AMF in the soil profile and the temporal changes in community structure in maize roots was conducted over a 5-year period at a field site on the North China Plain”
e4“AMF communities deeper in the soil profile were subsets of those richer communities in the surface soil and the loss of AMF taxa was mostly due to the absence of rare taxa”
Claim · model-written summary
Soil pH and Nmin contents were major soil properties affecting soil AMF communities among the N treatments.
- Treatment
- N treatmentse5
- Interactor
- AMFe5symbiont
- Compound
- Soil pH and Nmin contentse5
- Outcome
- soil AMF communitiese5
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“A comprehensive study of both the vertical distribution of AMF in the soil profile and the temporal changes in community structure in maize roots was conducted over a 5-year period at a field site on the North China Plain”
e5“Soil pH and Nmin contents were major soil properties affecting the soil AMF communities among the N treatments while vertical distribution was influenced mainly by soil electrical conductivity”
Claim · model-written summary
Vertical distribution of AMF was influenced mainly by soil electrical conductivity.
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“A comprehensive study of both the vertical distribution of AMF in the soil profile and the temporal changes in community structure in maize roots was conducted over a 5-year period at a field site on the North China Plain”
e5“Soil pH and Nmin contents were major soil properties affecting the soil AMF communities among the N treatments while vertical distribution was influenced mainly by soil electrical conductivity”
Claim · model-written summary
Crop phenology had a stronger influence than N treatment on temporal shifts in AMF communities in maize roots.
- Treatment
- Crop phenologye7
- Interactor
- AMFe7symbiont
- Outcome
- temporal shifts in AMF communities in maize rootse7
- Comparator
- N treatmente7
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“A comprehensive study of both the vertical distribution of AMF in the soil profile and the temporal changes in community structure in maize roots was conducted over a 5-year period at a field site on the North China Plain”
e7“Crop phenology had a stronger influence than N treatment on the temporal shifts in AMF communities in maize roots”
Claim · model-written summary
Excessive N inputs induced significant changes in soil physicochemical properties, especially soil acidification.
- Treatment
- Excessive N inputse6
- Outcome
- soil physicochemical properties, especially soil acidificatione6
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“A comprehensive study of both the vertical distribution of AMF in the soil profile and the temporal changes in community structure in maize roots was conducted over a 5-year period at a field site on the North China Plain”
e6“Changes in soil chemical properties due to N fertilization, in particular declining soil pH, should be integrated in N management strategies to reduce the negative impacts on AMF communities induced by N fertilization. Excessive N inputs induced significant changes in soil physicochemical properties, especially soil acidification, and may have negative impacts on AMF communities.”
Claim · model-written summary
Excessive N inputs may have negative impacts on AMF communities.
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“A comprehensive study of both the vertical distribution of AMF in the soil profile and the temporal changes in community structure in maize roots was conducted over a 5-year period at a field site on the North China Plain”
e6“Changes in soil chemical properties due to N fertilization, in particular declining soil pH, should be integrated in N management strategies to reduce the negative impacts on AMF communities induced by N fertilization. Excessive N inputs induced significant changes in soil physicochemical properties, especially soil acidification, and may have negative impacts on AMF communities.”
Claim · model-written summary
Changes in soil chemical properties due to N fertilization, especially declining soil pH, should be integrated in N management strategies.
- Outcome
- N management strategiese6
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“A comprehensive study of both the vertical distribution of AMF in the soil profile and the temporal changes in community structure in maize roots was conducted over a 5-year period at a field site on the North China Plain”
e6“Changes in soil chemical properties due to N fertilization, in particular declining soil pH, should be integrated in N management strategies to reduce the negative impacts on AMF communities induced by N fertilization. Excessive N inputs induced significant changes in soil physicochemical properties, especially soil acidification, and may have negative impacts on AMF communities.”
The same questions in other papers
nitrogen · soil: physics · Zea mays (maize)Positive and negative results
3 papers in the same direction as this paper · 13 in the opposite direction
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- positive
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