Abstract
Nitric oxide (NO) and related molecules such as peroxynitrite, S-nitrosoglutathione (GSNO), and nitrotyrosine, among others, are involved in physiological processes as well in the mechanisms of response to stress conditions. In sunflower seedlings exposed to five different adverse environmental conditions (low temperature, mechanical wounding, high light intensity, continuous light, and continuous darkness), key components of the metabolism of reactive nitrogen species (RNS) and reactive oxygen species (ROS), including the enzyme activities L-arginine-dependent nitric oxide synthase (NOS), S-nitrosogluthathione reductase (GSNOR), nitrate reductase (NR), catalase, and superoxide dismutase, the content of lipid hydroperoxide, hydrogen peroxide, S-nitrosothiols (SNOs), the cellular level of NO, GSNO, and GSNOR, and protein tyrosine nitration [nitrotyrosine (NO(2)-Tyr)] were analysed. Among the stress conditions studied, mechanical wounding was the only one that caused a down-regulation of NOS and GSNOR activities, which in turn provoked an accumulation of SNOs. The analyses of the cellular content of NO, GSNO, GSNOR, and NO(2)-Tyr by confocal laser scanning microscopy confirmed these biochemical data. Therefore, it is proposed that mechanical wounding triggers the accumulation of SNOs, specifically GSNO, due to a down-regulation of GSNOR activity, while NO(2)-Tyr increases. Consequently a process of nitrosative stress is induced in sunflower seedlings and SNOs constitute a new wound signal in plants.
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Claims 8
Claim · model-written summary
Only mechanical wounding lowered NOS activity among five stresses.
- Taxon
- sunflower
Helianthus annuust0 - Treatment
- mechanical woundinge0
- Gene
- NOSe0
- Outcome
- NOSe0
- Direction
- down-regulatione0
- Comparator
- only onee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“mechanical wounding was the only one that caused a down-regulation of NOS and GSNOR activities”
t0“sunflower”
Claim · model-written summary
Only mechanical wounding lowered GSNOR activity among five stresses.
- Taxon
- sunflowerHelianthus annuust0
- Treatment
- mechanical woundinge0
- Gene
- GSNORe0
- Outcome
- GSNOR activitiese0
- Direction
- down-regulatione0
- Comparator
- only onee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“mechanical wounding was the only one that caused a down-regulation of NOS and GSNOR activities”
t0“sunflower”
Claim · model-written summary
Wounding led to SNO accumulation.
- Taxon
- sunflowerHelianthus annuust0
- Outcome
- accumulation of SNOse0
- Qualifier
- in turne0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“which in turn provoked an accumulation of SNOs”
t0“sunflower”
Claim · model-written summary
Microscopy confirmed biochemical changes in NO, GSNO, GSNOR and NO(2)-Tyr.
- Taxon
- sunflowerHelianthus annuust0
- Outcome
- confirmed these biochemical datae0
- Comparator
- biochemical datae0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The analyses of the cellular content of NO, GSNO, GSNOR, and NO(2)-Tyr by confocal laser scanning microscopy confirmed these biochemical data.”
t0“sunflower”
Claim · model-written summary
Wounding was proposed to raise GSNO through reduced GSNOR activity.
- Taxon
- sunflowerHelianthus annuust0
- Treatment
- mechanical woundinge0
- Gene
- GSNORe0
- Outcome
- accumulation of SNOs, specifically GSNOe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“mechanical wounding triggers the accumulation of SNOs, specifically GSNO, due to a down-regulation of GSNOR activity”
t0“sunflower”
Claim · model-written summary
NO(2)-Tyr increased with wounding.
- Taxon
- sunflowerHelianthus annuust0
- Outcome
- NO(2)-Tyre0
- Direction
- increasese0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“while NO(2)-Tyr increases”
t0“sunflower”
Claim · model-written summary
Wounding was interpreted to induce nitrosative stress.
- Taxon
- sunflowerHelianthus annuuse0
- Treatment
- woundingt0
- Outcome
- nitrosative stresse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Consequently a process of nitrosative stress is induced in sunflower seedlings”
t0“wounding”
Claim · model-written summary
SNOs were proposed as a wound signal in plants.
- Taxon
- plantsViridiplantaee0
- Outcome
- new wound signale0
- Qualifier
- SNOse0
Verbatim
e0“SNOs constitute a new wound signal in plants”
The same questions in other papers
mechanical · molecular: metabolites · Helianthus annuus (common sunflower)Positive and negative results
2 in the opposite direction
- positive
- positive
Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.