Abstract
Tissue flow measurements of leaf material in Lolium perenne (perennial ryegrass), Agrostis capillaris or Poa annua , and Trifolium repens (white clover) were made at three upland sites in Scotland (Hartwood, Sourhope and Fasque) in 1992/93 to determine if there were differences in seasonal growth, senescence and losses to herbivory between species in their response to more extensive sward management. The measurements were made monthly from May until October in established predominantly perennial ryegrass/white clover swards receiving three different treatments. One treatment received a conventional annual fertilizer application of 140 kg N/ha plus maintenance P and K and was grazed by sheep at a sward height of 4 cm (4F), whereas the other two treatments were unfertilized and grazed to maintain a sward height of 4 cm (4U) or 8 cm (8U). Significant sources of the variation in leaf appearance, increase in green lamina/petiole length (leaf extension), senescence and losses to herbivory were attributable to site, sward, species and date of measurement. The rate of leaf extension for all three measured species was less in 4U than 4F swards, and less in 4U than 8U swards. Leaf extension of L. perenne exceeded that of the other species, even in unfertilized swards, but rates of leaf appearance were less. There was some evidence in spring of a reduction in net growth as a consequence of removing fertilizer inputs and maintaining a sward height of 4 cm. Species differences in the losses of leaf tissue to herbivory were dependent on sward management. In the 4F treatment, leaf loss to herbivory from L. perenne tillers was greater than that from either A. capillaris , P. annua or T. repens in May, June and September. In the 4U treatment more leaf tissue was also lost from L. perenne than from T. repens . In contrast, there was no difference between grass species in losses to herbivory in either unfertilized sward. The responses of species to changes in fertilizer and grazing management were similar at three sites of differing fertility. The results are discussed in relation to plant competition and species dynamics in extensively managed swards.
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Claims 11
Claim · model-written summary
Site, sward, species and date significantly explained variation in leaf appearance, extension, senescence and herbivory loss.
- Taxon
- Lolium perenne
Lolium perennee1 - Outcome
- leaf appearance, increase in green lamina/petiole length (leaf extension), senescence and losses to herbivorye0
- Setting
- sitee0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Significant sources of the variation in leaf appearance, increase in green lamina/petiole length (leaf extension), senescence and losses to herbivory were attributable to site, sward, species and date of measurement.”
e1“Tissue flow measurements of leaf material in Lolium perenne (perennial ryegrass), Agrostis capillaris or Poa annua , and Trifolium repens (white clover) were made at three upland sites in Scotland (Hartwood, Sourhope and Fasque) in 1992/93”
Claim · model-written summary
Leaf extension was lower in 4U than 4F swards for all measured species.
- Taxon
- ryegrass–white clover
Trifolium repens
Loliumt0 - Treatment
- 4Ue0
- Outcome
- rate of leaf extensione0
- Direction
- lesse0
- Comparator
- 4Fe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The rate of leaf extension for all three measured species was less in 4U than 4F swards”
t0“ryegrass–white clover”
Claim · model-written summary
Leaf extension was lower in 4U than 8U swards for all measured species.
- Taxon
- ryegrass–white cloverTrifolium repensLoliumt0
- Treatment
- 4Ue0
- Outcome
- rate of leaf extensione1
- Direction
- lesse0
- Comparator
- 8Ue0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“less in 4U than 8U swards.”
e1“The rate of leaf extension for all three measured species was less in 4U than 4F swards”
t0“ryegrass–white clover”
Claim · model-written summary
L. perenne leaf extension exceeded that of other species.
- Taxon
- L. perenneLolium perennee0
- Outcome
- Leaf extensione0
- Direction
- exceedede0
- Comparator
- the other speciese0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Leaf extension of L. perenne exceeded that of the other species, even in unfertilized swards”
Claim · model-written summary
L. perenne leaf appearance rates were lower than those of other species.
- Taxon
- L. perenneLolium perennee1
- Outcome
- rates of leaf appearancee0
- Direction
- lesse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“but rates of leaf appearance were less.”
e1“Leaf extension of L. perenne exceeded that of the other species, even in unfertilized swards”
Claim · model-written summary
Removing fertilizer while maintaining a 4 cm sward may reduce spring net growth.
- Taxon
- ryegrass–white cloverTrifolium repensLoliumt0
- Treatment
- removing fertilizer inputs and maintaining a sward height of 4 cme0
- Outcome
- net growthe0
- Direction
- reductione0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“There was some evidence in spring of a reduction in net growth as a consequence of removing fertilizer inputs and maintaining a sward height of 4 cm.”
t0“ryegrass–white clover”
Claim · model-written summary
Herbivory loss differences among species depended on sward management.
- Taxon
- ryegrass–white cloverTrifolium repensLoliumt0
- Treatment
- sward managemente0
- Outcome
- losses of leaf tissue to herbivorye0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Species differences in the losses of leaf tissue to herbivory were dependent on sward management.”
t0“ryegrass–white clover”
Claim · model-written summary
In 4F swards, L. perenne lost more leaf tissue to herbivory than A. capillaris, P. annua or T. repens in May, June and September.
- Taxon
- L. perenneLolium perennee0
- Treatment
- 4F treatmente0
- Outcome
- leaf loss to herbivorye0
- Direction
- greatere0
- Qualifier
- May, June and Septembere0
- Comparator
- A. capillaris , P. annua or T. repense0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“In the 4F treatment, leaf loss to herbivory from L. perenne tillers was greater than that from either A. capillaris , P. annua or T. repens in May, June and September.”
Claim · model-written summary
In 4U swards, L. perenne lost more leaf tissue than T. repens.
- Taxon
- L. perenneLolium perennee0
- Treatment
- 4U treatmente0
- Outcome
- leaf tissuee0
- Direction
- moree0
- Comparator
- T. repense0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“In the 4U treatment more leaf tissue was also lost from L. perenne than from T. repens .”
Claim · model-written summary
Grass species did not differ in herbivory losses in either unfertilized sward.
- Taxon
- ryegrass–white cloverTrifolium repensLoliumt0
- Outcome
- losses to herbivorye0
- Direction
- no differencee0
- Comparator
- between grass speciese0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“there was no difference between grass species in losses to herbivory in either unfertilized sward.”
t0“ryegrass–white clover”
Claim · model-written summary
Species responses to fertilizer and grazing management were similar across three sites of differing fertility.
- Taxon
- ryegrass–white cloverTrifolium repensLoliumt0
- Treatment
- changes in fertilizer and grazing managemente0
- Outcome
- responses of speciese0
- Setting
- three sites of differing fertilitye0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The responses of species to changes in fertilizer and grazing management were similar at three sites of differing fertility.”
t0“ryegrass–white clover”
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See all 30 papers →Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.