Abstract
An action threshold (AT) is one of the most important decision-making elements in integrated pest management. Unlike economic thresholds, ATs are not typically derived from an economic injury level model, but they are more commonly used. ATs may be identified from research-based, pest-crop relationships, but they also may be based on experience. ATs may be adjusted depending on, e.g., weather and plant variety, but modifying ATs to accommodate differences in insecticide efficacy has received little attention. To examine this point, several combinations of ATs and insecticides were evaluated against onion thrips, Thrips tabaci Lindeman (Thysanoptera: Thripidae), a major pest of onion (Allium cepa L.). Studies were conducted in New York onion fields from 2006 to 2008 by using registered insecticides for T. tabaci on onions. We hypothesized that the most efficacious insecticides would provide acceptable control of thrips populations regardless of AT (one, three, and five thrips per leaf), whereas less effective products would only control populations using the lowest AT (one thrips per leaf). Results indicated that T. tabaci infestations were managed effectively when spinetoram was applied after a three larvae per leaf threshold, but not when using lambda-cyhalothrin, methomyl or formetanate hydrochloride. However, T. tabaci infestations were managed well when methomyl and formetanate hydrochloride were applied after a one larva per leaf threshold. T. tabaci infestations were never controlled using lambda-cyhalothrin, regardless of the AT used. None of the products reduced T. tabaci populations to an acceptable level when applied at a five larvae per leaf threshold. Implications of adjusting ATs based on efficacy of different insecticides are discussed.
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Claims 8
Claim · model-written summary
Spinetoram applied after a three larvae per leaf threshold effectively managed Thrips tabaci infestations in onion.
- Taxon
- onion
Allium cepae1 - Treatment
- spinetorame2
- Interactor
- Thrips tabaci
Thrips tabacie1pest - Outcome
- T. tabaci infestationse2
- Direction
- decreaseinferrede2
- Qualifier
- three larvae per leaf thresholde2
- Setting
- New York onion fieldse6
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“several combinations of ATs and insecticides were evaluated against onion thrips, Thrips tabaci Lindeman (Thysanoptera: Thripidae), a major pest of onion (Allium cepa L.)”
e2“Results indicated that T. tabaci infestations were managed effectively when spinetoram was applied after a three larvae per leaf threshold, but not when using lambda-cyhalothrin, methomyl or formetanate hydrochloride”
e6“Studies were conducted in New York onion fields from 2006 to 2008”
Claim · model-written summary
Lambda-cyhalothrin did not manage Thrips tabaci infestations at a three larvae per leaf threshold.
- Taxon
- onionAllium cepae1
- Treatment
- lambda-cyhalothrine2
- Interactor
- Thrips tabaciThrips tabacie1pest
- Outcome
- T. tabaci infestationse2
- Direction
- no_changeinferrede2
- Qualifier
- three larvae per leaf thresholde2
- Setting
- New York onion fieldse6
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“several combinations of ATs and insecticides were evaluated against onion thrips, Thrips tabaci Lindeman (Thysanoptera: Thripidae), a major pest of onion (Allium cepa L.)”
e2“Results indicated that T. tabaci infestations were managed effectively when spinetoram was applied after a three larvae per leaf threshold, but not when using lambda-cyhalothrin, methomyl or formetanate hydrochloride”
e6“Studies were conducted in New York onion fields from 2006 to 2008”
Claim · model-written summary
Methomyl did not manage Thrips tabaci infestations at a three larvae per leaf threshold.
- Taxon
- onionAllium cepae1
- Treatment
- methomyle2
- Interactor
- Thrips tabaciThrips tabacie1pest
- Outcome
- T. tabaci infestationse2
- Direction
- no_changeinferrede2
- Qualifier
- three larvae per leaf thresholde2
- Setting
- New York onion fieldse6
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“several combinations of ATs and insecticides were evaluated against onion thrips, Thrips tabaci Lindeman (Thysanoptera: Thripidae), a major pest of onion (Allium cepa L.)”
e2“Results indicated that T. tabaci infestations were managed effectively when spinetoram was applied after a three larvae per leaf threshold, but not when using lambda-cyhalothrin, methomyl or formetanate hydrochloride”
e6“Studies were conducted in New York onion fields from 2006 to 2008”
Claim · model-written summary
Formetanate hydrochloride did not manage Thrips tabaci infestations at a three larvae per leaf threshold.
- Taxon
- onionAllium cepae1
- Treatment
- formetanate hydrochloridee2
- Interactor
- Thrips tabaciThrips tabacie1pest
- Outcome
- T. tabaci infestationse2
- Direction
- no_changeinferrede2
- Qualifier
- three larvae per leaf thresholde2
- Setting
- New York onion fieldse6
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“several combinations of ATs and insecticides were evaluated against onion thrips, Thrips tabaci Lindeman (Thysanoptera: Thripidae), a major pest of onion (Allium cepa L.)”
e2“Results indicated that T. tabaci infestations were managed effectively when spinetoram was applied after a three larvae per leaf threshold, but not when using lambda-cyhalothrin, methomyl or formetanate hydrochloride”
e6“Studies were conducted in New York onion fields from 2006 to 2008”
Claim · model-written summary
Methomyl effectively managed Thrips tabaci infestations in onion at a one larva per leaf threshold.
- Taxon
- onionAllium cepae1
- Treatment
- methomyle3
- Interactor
- Thrips tabaciThrips tabacie1pest
- Outcome
- T. tabaci infestationse3
- Direction
- decreaseinferrede3
- Qualifier
- one larva per leaf thresholde3
- Setting
- New York onion fieldse6
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“several combinations of ATs and insecticides were evaluated against onion thrips, Thrips tabaci Lindeman (Thysanoptera: Thripidae), a major pest of onion (Allium cepa L.)”
e3“However, T. tabaci infestations were managed well when methomyl and formetanate hydrochloride were applied after a one larva per leaf threshold”
e6“Studies were conducted in New York onion fields from 2006 to 2008”
Claim · model-written summary
Formetanate hydrochloride effectively managed Thrips tabaci infestations in onion at a one larva per leaf threshold.
- Taxon
- onionAllium cepae1
- Treatment
- formetanate hydrochloridee3
- Interactor
- Thrips tabaciThrips tabacie1pest
- Outcome
- T. tabaci infestationse3
- Direction
- decreaseinferrede3
- Qualifier
- one larva per leaf thresholde3
- Setting
- New York onion fieldse6
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“several combinations of ATs and insecticides were evaluated against onion thrips, Thrips tabaci Lindeman (Thysanoptera: Thripidae), a major pest of onion (Allium cepa L.)”
e3“However, T. tabaci infestations were managed well when methomyl and formetanate hydrochloride were applied after a one larva per leaf threshold”
e6“Studies were conducted in New York onion fields from 2006 to 2008”
Claim · model-written summary
Lambda-cyhalothrin never controlled Thrips tabaci infestations in onion, regardless of the action threshold used.
- Taxon
- onionAllium cepae1
- Treatment
- lambda-cyhalothrine4
- Interactor
- Thrips tabaciThrips tabacie1pest
- Outcome
- T. tabaci infestationse4
- Direction
- no_changeinferrede4
- Qualifier
- regardless of the AT usede4
- Setting
- New York onion fieldse6
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“several combinations of ATs and insecticides were evaluated against onion thrips, Thrips tabaci Lindeman (Thysanoptera: Thripidae), a major pest of onion (Allium cepa L.)”
e4“T. tabaci infestations were never controlled using lambda-cyhalothrin, regardless of the AT used”
e6“Studies were conducted in New York onion fields from 2006 to 2008”
Claim · model-written summary
None of the tested products reduced Thrips tabaci populations in onion to an acceptable level at a five larvae per leaf threshold.
- Taxon
- onionAllium cepae1
- Treatment
- productse5
- Interactor
- Thrips tabaciThrips tabacie1pest
- Outcome
- T. tabaci populationse5
- Direction
- reducede5
- Qualifier
- to an acceptable levele5
- Setting
- New York onion fieldse6
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“several combinations of ATs and insecticides were evaluated against onion thrips, Thrips tabaci Lindeman (Thysanoptera: Thripidae), a major pest of onion (Allium cepa L.)”
e5“None of the products reduced T. tabaci populations to an acceptable level when applied at a five larvae per leaf threshold”
e6“Studies were conducted in New York onion fields from 2006 to 2008”
The same questions in other papers
lambda-cyhalothrin · Thrips tabaci · Allium cepa (onion)Positive and negative results
1 paper in the same direction as this paper · 1 in the opposite direction
- negative
- positive
methomyl · Thrips tabaci · Allium cepa (onion)Results agree
1 paper in the same direction as this paper
- positive
formetanate · Thrips tabaci · Allium cepa (onion)Results agree
1 paper in the same direction as this paper
- positive
hydrochloride · Thrips tabaci · Allium cepa (onion)Results agree
1 paper in the same direction as this paper
- positive
Spinetoram · Thrips tabaci · Allium cepa (onion)Results agree
2 papers in the same direction as this paper
- positive
- positive
Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.