Abstract
Okra leaf curl disease (OLCD) is a major constraint on okra (Abelmoschus esculentus) production in West Africa. Two monopartite begomoviruses (okra virus-1 and okra virus-2), a betasatellite and a DNA1 satellite are associated with OLCD in Mali. Okra virus-1 is an isolate of okra yellow crinkle virus (OYCrV), okra virus-2 is a recombinant isolate of cotton leaf curl Gezira virus (CLCuGV) and the betasatellite is a variant of cotton leaf curl Gezira betasatellite (CLCuGB). Cloned DNA of OYCrV and CLCuGV were infectious and induced leaf curl symptoms in Nicotiana benthamiana plants, but did not induce OLCD in okra. However, when these clones were individually co-inoculated with the cloned CLCuGB DNA, symptom severity and viral DNA levels were increased in N. benthamiana plants and typical OLCD symptoms were induced in okra. The CLCuGB was also replicated by, and increased symptom severity of, three monopartite tomato-infecting begomoviruses, including two from West Africa. The sequence of the DNA1 satellite was highly divergent, indicating that it represents a distinct West African lineage. DNA1 replicated autonomously, and replication required the DNA1-encoded Rep protein. Although DNA1 reduced helper begomovirus DNA levels, symptoms were not attenuated. In the presence of CLCuGB, DNA levels of the helper begomoviruses and DNA1 were substantially increased. Together, these findings establish that OLCD in Mali is caused by a complex of monopartite begomoviruses and a promiscuous betasatellite with an associated parasitic DNA1 satellite. These findings are discussed in terms of the aetiology of OLCD and the evolution of new begomovirus/satellite DNA complexes.
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Claims 10
Claim · model-written summary
Two begomoviruses and two satellites were associated with okra leaf curl disease in Mali.
- Taxon
- okra
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Abelmoschus esculentust0 - Interactor
- okra virus-1e0pathogen
- Outcome
- OLCDe0
- Setting
- Malie0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
.jpg?width=500)
Verbatim
e0“Two monopartite begomoviruses (okra virus-1 and okra virus-2), a betasatellite and a DNA1 satellite are associated with OLCD in Mali.”
t0“okra”
Claim · model-written summary
The cloned viruses caused leaf curl in Nicotiana benthamiana but did not cause OLCD in okra.
- Taxon
- Nicotiana benthamiana
Nicotiana benthamianae0 - Interactor
- OYCrVe0pathogen
- Outcome
- leaf curl symptomse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Cloned DNA of OYCrV and CLCuGV were infectious and induced leaf curl symptoms in Nicotiana benthamiana plants, but did not induce OLCD in okra.”
Claim · model-written summary
Co-inoculation with CLCuGB increased symptom severity in Nicotiana benthamiana.
- Taxon
- N. benthamianaNicotiana benthamianae0
- Treatment
- co-inoculated with the cloned CLCuGB DNAe0
- Interactor
- CLCuGBe0pathogen
- Outcome
- symptom severitye0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“when these clones were individually co-inoculated with the cloned CLCuGB DNA, symptom severity and viral DNA levels were increased in N. benthamiana plants”
Claim · model-written summary
Co-inoculation increased viral DNA levels in Nicotiana benthamiana.
- Taxon
- N. benthamianaNicotiana benthamianae0
- Outcome
- viral DNA levelse0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedTreatmentComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“viral DNA levels were increased in N. benthamiana plants”
Claim · model-written summary
Co-inoculation induced typical OLCD symptoms in okra.
- Taxon
- okraAbelmoschus esculentuse0
- Outcome
- typical OLCD symptomse0
Not reportedTreatmentComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“typical OLCD symptoms were induced in okra.”
Claim · model-written summary
CLCuGB replicated with three tomato-infecting begomoviruses and increased their symptom severity.
- Taxon
- tomato
Solanum lycopersicume0 - Interactor
- tomato-infecting begomovirusese0pathogen
- Outcome
- symptom severitye0
- Direction
- increasede0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The CLCuGB was also replicated by, and increased symptom severity of, three monopartite tomato-infecting begomoviruses, including two from West Africa.”
Claim · model-written summary
DNA1 sequence indicated a distinct West African lineage.
- Taxon
- okraAbelmoschus esculentust0
- Outcome
- sequence of the DNA1 satellitee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The sequence of the DNA1 satellite was highly divergent, indicating that it represents a distinct West African lineage.”
t0“okra”
Claim · model-written summary
DNA1 replicated autonomously and required its encoded Rep protein.
- Taxon
- okraAbelmoschus esculentust0
- Gene
- DNA1-encoded Rep proteine0
- Outcome
- DNA1 replicated autonomouslye0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“DNA1 replicated autonomously, and replication required the DNA1-encoded Rep protein.”
t0“okra”
Claim · model-written summary
DNA1 reduced helper begomovirus DNA levels without attenuating symptoms.
- Taxon
- okraAbelmoschus esculentust0
- Outcome
- helper begomovirus DNA levelse0
- Direction
- reducede0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Although DNA1 reduced helper begomovirus DNA levels, symptoms were not attenuated.”
t0“okra”
Claim · model-written summary
CLCuGB increased DNA levels of helper begomoviruses and DNA1.
- Taxon
- okraAbelmoschus esculentust0
- Treatment
- presence of CLCuGBe0
- Outcome
- DNA levels of the helper begomoviruses and DNA1e0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“In the presence of CLCuGB, DNA levels of the helper begomoviruses and DNA1 were substantially increased.”
t0“okra”
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See all 40 papers →Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.