Abstract
The nonprotein amino acids gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) and beta-aminobutyric acid (BABA) have known biological effects in animals and plants. Their mode of action has been the object of thorough research in animals but remains unclear in plants. Our objective was to study the mode of action of BABA in the protection of Arabidopis plants against virulent pathogens. BABA protected Arabidopsis against the oomycete pathogen Peronospora parasitica through activation of natural defense mechanisms of the plant such as callose deposition, the hypersensitive response, and the formation of trailing necroses. BABA was still fully protective against P. parasitica in transgenic plants or mutants impaired in the salicylic acid, jasmonic acid, and ethylene signaling pathways. Treatment with BABA did not induce the accumulation of mRNA of the systemic acquired resistance (SAR)-associated PR-1 and the ethylene- and jasmonic acid-dependent PDF1.2 genes. However, BABA potentiated the accumulation of PR-1 mRNA after attack by virulent pathogenic bacteria. As a result, BABA-treated Arabidopsis plants were less diseased compared with the untreated control. In the case of bacteria, BABA protected mutants insensitive to jasmonic acid and ethylene but was not active in plants impaired in the SAR transduction pathway. Thus, BABA protects Arabidopsis against different virulent pathogens by potentiating pathogen-specific plant resistance mechanisms. In addition, we provide evidence that BABA-mediated papilla formation after P. parasitica infection is independent of the SAR signaling pathway.
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Claims 10
Claim · model-written summary
BABA protected Arabidopsis against Peronospora parasitica.
- Taxon
- Arabidopsis
Arabidopsise0 - Treatment
- BABAe0
- Interactor
- Peronospora parasitica
Hyaloperonospora parasiticae0pathogen - Outcome
- protected Arabidopsis against the oomycete pathogen Peronospora parasiticae0
- Direction
- protectede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“BABA protected Arabidopsis against the oomycete pathogen Peronospora parasitica”
Claim · model-written summary
BABA activated callose deposition, the hypersensitive response and trailing necroses in response to Peronospora parasitica.
- Taxon
- ArabidopsisArabidopsise0
- Treatment
- BABAe0
- Interactor
- Peronospora parasiticaHyaloperonospora parasiticae0pathogen
- Outcome
- callose deposition, the hypersensitive response, and the formation of trailing necrosese0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“BABA protected Arabidopsis against the oomycete pathogen Peronospora parasitica through activation of natural defense mechanisms of the plant such as callose deposition, the hypersensitive response, and the formation of trailing necroses”
Claim · model-written summary
BABA remained fully protective against P. parasitica in plants impaired in salicylic acid, jasmonic acid and ethylene signaling.
- Taxon
- ArabidopsisArabidopsist0
- Material
- transgenic plants or mutantse0
- Treatment
- BABAe0
- Interactor
- P. parasiticaHyaloperonospora parasiticae0pathogen
- Outcome
- fully protective against P. parasiticae0
- Direction
- fully protectivee0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“BABA was still fully protective against P. parasitica in transgenic plants or mutants impaired in the salicylic acid, jasmonic acid, and ethylene signaling pathways”
t0“Arabidopsis”
Claim · model-written summary
BABA did not induce PR-1 mRNA accumulation.
- Taxon
- ArabidopsisArabidopsist0
- Treatment
- BABAe0
- Gene
- PR-1e0
- Outcome
- accumulation of mRNA of the systemic acquired resistance (SAR)-associated PR-1e0
- Direction
- did not inducee0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Treatment with BABA did not induce the accumulation of mRNA of the systemic acquired resistance (SAR)-associated PR-1 and the ethylene- and jasmonic acid-dependent PDF1.2 genes”
t0“Arabidopsis”
Claim · model-written summary
BABA did not induce PDF1.2 mRNA accumulation.
- Taxon
- ArabidopsisArabidopsist0
- Treatment
- BABAe0
- Gene
- PDF1.2e0
- Outcome
- accumulation of mRNAe0
- Direction
- did not inducee0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Treatment with BABA did not induce the accumulation of mRNA of the systemic acquired resistance (SAR)-associated PR-1 and the ethylene- and jasmonic acid-dependent PDF1.2 genes”
t0“Arabidopsis”
Claim · model-written summary
BABA potentiated PR-1 mRNA accumulation after attack by virulent pathogenic bacteria.
- Taxon
- ArabidopsisArabidopsist0
- Treatment
- BABAe0
- Interactor
- virulent pathogenic bacteriae0pathogen
- Gene
- PR-1e0
- Outcome
- accumulation of PR-1 mRNAe0
- Direction
- potentiatede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“BABA potentiated the accumulation of PR-1 mRNA after attack by virulent pathogenic bacteria”
t0“Arabidopsis”
Claim · model-written summary
BABA treated Arabidopsis plants were less diseased than untreated controls after bacterial attack.
- Taxon
- ArabidopsisArabidopsise0
- Treatment
- BABA-treatede0
- Interactor
- virulent pathogenic bacteriae1pathogen
- Outcome
- diseasede0
- Direction
- lesse0
- Comparator
- untreated controle0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“BABA-treated Arabidopsis plants were less diseased compared with the untreated control”
e1“after attack by virulent pathogenic bacteria”
Claim · model-written summary
BABA protected mutants insensitive to jasmonic acid and ethylene against bacteria.
- Taxon
- ArabidopsisArabidopsist0
- Material
- mutants insensitive to jasmonic acid and ethylenee0
- Treatment
- BABAe0
- Outcome
- protected mutantse0
- Direction
- protectede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“In the case of bacteria, BABA protected mutants insensitive to jasmonic acid and ethylene”
t0“Arabidopsis”
Claim · model-written summary
BABA was inactive in plants impaired in the SAR transduction pathway against bacteria.
- Taxon
- ArabidopsisArabidopsist0
- Treatment
- BABAe0
- Outcome
- not active in plants impaired in the SAR transduction pathwaye0
- Direction
- not activee0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“In the case of bacteria, BABA protected mutants insensitive to jasmonic acid and ethylene but was not active in plants impaired in the SAR transduction pathway”
t0“Arabidopsis”
Claim · model-written summary
BABA mediated papilla formation after P. parasitica infection was independent of SAR signaling.
- Taxon
- ArabidopsisArabidopsist0
- Treatment
- BABAe0
- Interactor
- P. parasiticaHyaloperonospora parasiticae0pathogen
- Outcome
- papilla formatione0
- Qualifier
- independent of the SAR signaling pathwaye0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“BABA-mediated papilla formation after P. parasitica infection is independent of the SAR signaling pathway”
t0“Arabidopsis”
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Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.