Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Rice (Oryza sativa) has the rare ability to germinate and elongate a coleoptile under oxygen-deficient conditions, which include both hypoxia and anoxia. It has previously been shown that ALCOHOL DEHYDROGENASE 1 (ADH1) is required for cell division and cell elongation in the coleoptile of submerged rice seedlings by means of studies using a rice ADH1-deficient mutant, reduced adh activity (rad). The aim of this study was to understand how low ADH1 in rice affects carbohydrate metabolism in the embryo and endosperm, and lactate and alanine synthesis in the embryo during germination and subsequent coleoptile growth in submerged seedlings. METHODS: Wild-type and rad mutant rice seeds were germinated and grown under complete submergence. At 1, 3, 5 and 7 d after imbibition, the embryo and endosperm were separated and several of their metabolites were measured and compared. KEY RESULTS: In the rad embryo, the rate of ethanol fermentation was halved, while lactate and alanine concentrations were 2·4- and 5·7- fold higher in the mutant than in the wild type. Glucose and fructose concentrations in the embryos increased with time in the wild type, but not in the rad mutant. The rad mutant endosperm had lower amounts of the α-amylases RAMY1A and RAMY3D, resulting in less starch degradation and lower glucose concentrations. CONCLUSIONS: These results suggest that ADH1 is essential for sugar metabolism via glycolysis to ethanol fermentation in both the embryo and endosperm. In the endosperm, energy is presumably needed for synthesis of the amylases and for sucrose synthesis in the endosperm, as well as for sugar transport to the embryo.
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Claims 8
Claim · model-written summary
In the rad mutant embryo the rate of ethanol fermentation was halved.
- Taxon
- Rice
Oryza sativat0 - Material
- rade1
- Organ / stage
- embryoe1
- Outcome
- rate of ethanol fermentatione1
- Direction
- halvede1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Rice alcohol dehydrogenase 1 promotes survival and has a major impact on carbohydrate metabolism in the embryo and endosperm when seeds are germinated in partially oxygenated water”
e1“In the rad embryo, the rate of ethanol fermentation was halved, while lactate and alanine concentrations were 2·4- and 5·7- fold higher in the mutant than in the wild type”
Claim · model-written summary
Lactate concentrations in the mutant embryo were higher than in the wild type, at 2.4-fold.
- Taxon
- RiceOryza sativat0
- Material
- mutante1
- Organ / stage
- embryoe1
- Outcome
- lactatee1
- Direction
- highere1
- Value
- 2·4-e1
- Comparator
- wild typee1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Rice alcohol dehydrogenase 1 promotes survival and has a major impact on carbohydrate metabolism in the embryo and endosperm when seeds are germinated in partially oxygenated water”
e1“In the rad embryo, the rate of ethanol fermentation was halved, while lactate and alanine concentrations were 2·4- and 5·7- fold higher in the mutant than in the wild type”
Claim · model-written summary
Alanine concentrations in the mutant embryo were higher than in the wild type, at 5.7-fold.
- Taxon
- RiceOryza sativat0
- Material
- mutante1
- Organ / stage
- embryoe1
- Outcome
- alaninee1
- Direction
- highere1
- Value
- 5·7- folde1
- Comparator
- wild typee1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Rice alcohol dehydrogenase 1 promotes survival and has a major impact on carbohydrate metabolism in the embryo and endosperm when seeds are germinated in partially oxygenated water”
e1“In the rad embryo, the rate of ethanol fermentation was halved, while lactate and alanine concentrations were 2·4- and 5·7- fold higher in the mutant than in the wild type”
Claim · model-written summary
Glucose and fructose concentrations in the embryo increased with time in the wild type but not in the rad mutant.
- Taxon
- RiceOryza sativat0
- Material
- wild typee2
- Organ / stage
- embryose2
- Outcome
- Glucose and fructose concentrationse2
- Direction
- increasede2
- Qualifier
- but not in the rad mutante2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Rice alcohol dehydrogenase 1 promotes survival and has a major impact on carbohydrate metabolism in the embryo and endosperm when seeds are germinated in partially oxygenated water”
e2“Glucose and fructose concentrations in the embryos increased with time in the wild type, but not in the rad mutant”
Claim · model-written summary
The rad mutant endosperm had lower amounts of the alpha-amylases RAMY1A and RAMY3D.
- Taxon
- RiceOryza sativat0
- Material
- rad mutante3
- Organ / stage
- endosperme3
- Gene
- RAMY1A and RAMY3De3
- Outcome
- amounts of the α-amylases RAMY1A and RAMY3De3
- Direction
- lowere3
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Rice alcohol dehydrogenase 1 promotes survival and has a major impact on carbohydrate metabolism in the embryo and endosperm when seeds are germinated in partially oxygenated water”
e3“The rad mutant endosperm had lower amounts of the α-amylases RAMY1A and RAMY3D, resulting in less starch degradation and lower glucose concentrations”
Claim · model-written summary
The rad mutant endosperm had less starch degradation.
- Taxon
- RiceOryza sativat0
- Material
- rad mutante3
- Organ / stage
- endosperme3
- Outcome
- starch degradatione3
- Direction
- lesse3
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Rice alcohol dehydrogenase 1 promotes survival and has a major impact on carbohydrate metabolism in the embryo and endosperm when seeds are germinated in partially oxygenated water”
e3“The rad mutant endosperm had lower amounts of the α-amylases RAMY1A and RAMY3D, resulting in less starch degradation and lower glucose concentrations”
Claim · model-written summary
The rad mutant endosperm had lower glucose concentrations.
- Taxon
- RiceOryza sativat0
- Material
- rad mutante3
- Organ / stage
- endosperme3
- Outcome
- glucose concentrationse3
- Direction
- lowere3
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Rice alcohol dehydrogenase 1 promotes survival and has a major impact on carbohydrate metabolism in the embryo and endosperm when seeds are germinated in partially oxygenated water”
e3“The rad mutant endosperm had lower amounts of the α-amylases RAMY1A and RAMY3D, resulting in less starch degradation and lower glucose concentrations”
Claim · model-written summary
ADH1 is essential for sugar metabolism via glycolysis to ethanol fermentation in both embryo and endosperm.
- Taxon
- RiceOryza sativat0
- Gene
- ADH1e4
- Outcome
- sugar metabolisme4
- Qualifier
- via glycolysis to ethanol fermentatione4
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Rice alcohol dehydrogenase 1 promotes survival and has a major impact on carbohydrate metabolism in the embryo and endosperm when seeds are germinated in partially oxygenated water”
e4“These results suggest that ADH1 is essential for sugar metabolism via glycolysis to ethanol fermentation in both the embryo and endosperm”