Abstract
Laboratory and field trials were conducted to evaluate the effect of plant species (maize, sorghum), plant age (young, middle, old) and four different nitrogen fertilization levels (N0-N3) on the bionomics of the invasive crambid Chilo partellus and the performance of its braconid larval parasitoid Cotesia flavipes. Plant N varied significantly between N0 and N1-N3, but the differences among the latter were not significant. Intrinsic rates of increase and net-reproductive rates of C. partellus followed the same trends: they were lowest with N0 and similar among the other treatments. On maize only, mortality of C. partellus and parasitism by C. flavipes tended to decrease with age of the plant while the percentage of borers reaching adulthood (i.e. pupation) increased. Borer mortality and parasitism was lower and pupation higher on sorghum than on maize. On both host plants, percent dry matter content of frass, which could affect ingress of the parasitoid into the borer tunnel, did not vary with nitrogen level but varied with age of the host plants: on maize, it was highest on young plants and on sorghum on old plants. Tunnels were shorter on young maize and sorghum plants; longer tunnels on older plants indicated compensatory feeding by the larva as a result of lower nutritive value of the food source. Consequently, larval weight was lower on older than younger plants. The level of nitrogen fertilization had no effect on food conversion efficiency of C. partellus. Nitrogen did not affect number of C. flavipes progeny while egg load of progeny increased significantly with nitrogen level, on both plant species. Differences in egg load between sorghum and maize were mostly not significant. It was concluded that on depleted soils only, an increase in nitrogen via mulching, rotation with a leguminous crop or fertilization would increase survival of C. partellus on both maize and sorghum and an increase in acreage of maize and in application of nitrogen fertilizer in an area would also increase the parasitism of C. flavipes.
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Claims 17
Claim · model-written summary
Plant N of maize and sorghum differed between N0 and N1-N3 fertilization levels, with no significant difference among N1-N3.
Sorghum
Zea maysNot reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e6“four different nitrogen fertilization levels (N0-N3)”
e0“plant species (maize, sorghum)”
e1“Plant N varied significantly between N0 and N1-N3, but the differences among the latter were not significant”
Claim · model-written summary
Intrinsic and net-reproductive rates of C. partellus were lowest at N0 and similar among the other nitrogen treatments on maize and sorghum.
- Treatment
- nitrogen fertilization levelse6
- Interactor
- C. partellus
_Figure_27c.jpg?width=60)
Chilo partelluse2pest - Outcome
- Intrinsic rates of increase and net-reproductive rates of C. partelluse2
- Direction
- loweste2
- Comparator
- similar among the other treatmentse2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
_Figure_27c.jpg?width=500)
Verbatim
e6“four different nitrogen fertilization levels (N0-N3)”
e0“plant species (maize, sorghum)”
e2“Intrinsic rates of increase and net-reproductive rates of C. partellus followed the same trends: they were lowest with N0 and similar among the other treatments”
Claim · model-written summary
On maize, mortality of C. partellus and parasitism by C. flavipes tended to decrease with plant age.
- Treatment
- age of the plante3
- Interactor
- C. partellusChilo partelluse3pest
- Second interactor
- C. flavipes
_Figure_7.jpg?width=60)
Cotesia flavipese3biocontrol_agent - Outcome
- mortality of C. partellus and parasitism by C. flavipese3
- Direction
- tended to decreasee3
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
_Figure_7.jpg?width=500)
Verbatim
e3“On maize only, mortality of C. partellus and parasitism by C. flavipes tended to decrease with age of the plant while the percentage of borers reaching adulthood (i.e. pupation) increased”
Claim · model-written summary
On maize, the percentage of borers reaching adulthood increased with plant age.
- Treatment
- age of the plante3
- Interactor
- C. partellusChilo partelluse3pest
- Outcome
- percentage of borers reaching adulthood (i.e. pupation)e3
- Direction
- increasede3
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e3“On maize only, mortality of C. partellus and parasitism by C. flavipes tended to decrease with age of the plant while the percentage of borers reaching adulthood (i.e. pupation) increased”
Claim · model-written summary
Borer mortality and parasitism were lower on sorghum than on maize.
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e4“Borer mortality and parasitism was lower and pupation higher on sorghum than on maize”
Claim · model-written summary
Pupation of borers was higher on sorghum than on maize.
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e4“Borer mortality and parasitism was lower and pupation higher on sorghum than on maize”
Claim · model-written summary
Percent dry matter content of frass did not vary with nitrogen level on maize and sorghum.
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“plant species (maize, sorghum)”
e5“On both host plants, percent dry matter content of frass, which could affect ingress of the parasitoid into the borer tunnel, did not vary with nitrogen level but varied with age of the host plants”
Claim · model-written summary
Percent dry matter content of frass varied with the age of maize and sorghum plants.
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“plant species (maize, sorghum)”
e5“On both host plants, percent dry matter content of frass, which could affect ingress of the parasitoid into the borer tunnel, did not vary with nitrogen level but varied with age of the host plants”
Claim · model-written summary
Tunnels were shorter on young maize and sorghum plants than on older plants.
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e6“Tunnels were shorter on young maize and sorghum plants; longer tunnels on older plants indicated compensatory feeding by the larva as a result of lower nutritive value of the food source”
Claim · model-written summary
Longer tunnels on older plants indicate compensatory feeding by the larva because of lower nutritive value of the food.
- Outcome
- longer tunnelse6
- Qualifier
- compensatory feeding by the larva as a result of lower nutritive value of the food sourcee6
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e6“Tunnels were shorter on young maize and sorghum plants; longer tunnels on older plants indicated compensatory feeding by the larva as a result of lower nutritive value of the food source”
Claim · model-written summary
Larval weight of C. partellus was lower on older maize and sorghum plants than on younger ones.
- Interactor
- C. partellusChilo partelluse2pest
- Outcome
- larval weighte7
- Direction
- lowere7
- Comparator
- younger plantse7
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“plant species (maize, sorghum)”
e2“Intrinsic rates of increase and net-reproductive rates of C. partellus followed the same trends: they were lowest with N0 and similar among the other treatments”
e7“Consequently, larval weight was lower on older than younger plants”
Claim · model-written summary
The level of nitrogen fertilization had no effect on food conversion efficiency of C. partellus.
- Treatment
- level of nitrogen fertilizatione1
- Interactor
- C. partellusChilo partelluse1pest
- Outcome
- food conversion efficiency of C. partelluse1
- Direction
- no_changeinferrede1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“plant species (maize, sorghum)”
e1“The level of nitrogen fertilization had no effect on food conversion efficiency of C. partellus”
Claim · model-written summary
Nitrogen did not affect the number of C. flavipes progeny.
- Treatment
- Nitrogene1
- Interactor
- C. flavipesCotesia flavipese1biocontrol_agent
- Outcome
- number of C. flavipes progenye1
- Direction
- no_changeinferrede1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“plant species (maize, sorghum)”
e1“Nitrogen did not affect number of C. flavipes progeny while egg load of progeny increased significantly with nitrogen level, on both plant species”
Claim · model-written summary
Egg load of C. flavipes progeny increased with nitrogen level on maize and sorghum.
- Treatment
- nitrogen levele1
- Interactor
- C. flavipesCotesia flavipese1biocontrol_agent
- Outcome
- egg load of progenye1
- Direction
- increasede1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“plant species (maize, sorghum)”
e1“Nitrogen did not affect number of C. flavipes progeny while egg load of progeny increased significantly with nitrogen level, on both plant species”
Claim · model-written summary
Egg load differences between sorghum and maize were mostly not significant.
- Interactor
- C. flavipesCotesia flavipese0biocontrol_agent
- Outcome
- egg loade1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Nitrogen did not affect number of C. flavipes progeny while egg load of progeny increased significantly with nitrogen level, on both plant species”
e1“Differences in egg load between sorghum and maize were mostly not significant”
Claim · model-written summary
On depleted soils, increased nitrogen would increase survival of C. partellus on maize and sorghum.
- Treatment
- an increase in nitrogen via mulchinge0
- Interactor
- C. partellusChilo partelluse0pest
- Outcome
- survival of C. partelluse0
- Direction
- increasee0
- Qualifier
- on depleted soils onlye0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“It was concluded that on depleted soils only, an increase in nitrogen via mulching, rotation with a leguminous crop or fertilization would increase survival of C. partellus on both maize and sorghum”
Claim · model-written summary
Increased maize acreage and nitrogen fertilizer application would increase parasitism of C. flavipes.
- Treatment
- application of nitrogen fertilizere0
- Interactor
- C. flavipesCotesia flavipese0biocontrol_agent
- Outcome
- parasitism of C. flavipese0
- Direction
- increasee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“an increase in acreage of maize and in application of nitrogen fertilizer in an area would also increase the parasitism of C. flavipes”
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See all 72 papers →Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.