Abstract
Chloroplasts produce reactive oxygen species (ROS) during cellular stress. ROS are known to act as regulators of programmed cell death (PCD) in plant and animal cells, so it is possible that chloroplasts have a role in regulating PCD in green tissue. Arabidopsis thaliana cell suspension cultures are model systems in which to test this, as here it is shown that their cells contain well-developed, functional chloroplasts when grown in the light, but not when grown in the dark. Heat treatment at 55 degrees C induced apoptotic-like (AL)-PCD in the cultures, but light-grown cultures responded with significantly less AL-PCD than dark-grown cultures. Chloroplast-free light-grown cultures were established using norflurazon, spectinomycin, and lincomycin and these cultures responded to heat treatment with increased AL-PCD, demonstrating that chloroplasts affect AL-PCD induction in light-grown cultures. Antioxidant treatment of light-grown cultures also resulted in increased AL-PCD induction, suggesting that chloroplast-produced ROS may be involved in AL-PCD regulation. Cycloheximide treatment of light-grown cultures prolonged cell viability and attenuated AL-PCD induction; however, this effect was less pronounced in dark-grown cultures, and did not occur in antioxidant-treated light-grown cultures. This suggests that a complex interplay between light, chloroplasts, ROS, and nuclear protein synthesis occurs during plant AL-PCD. The results of this study highlight the importance of taking into account the time-point at which cells are observed and whether the cells are light-grown and chloroplast-containing or not, for any study on plant AL-PCD, as it appears that chloroplasts can play a significant role in AL-PCD regulation.
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Claims 13
Claim · model-written summary
Light-grown Arabidopsis cell cultures contained well-developed, functional chloroplasts, while dark-grown cultures did not.
- Taxon
- Arabidopsis thaliana
Arabidopsis thalianae0 - Treatment
- grown in the lighte1
- Outcome
- well-developed, functional chloroplastse1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Arabidopsis thaliana cell suspension cultures are model systems”
e1“cells contain well-developed, functional chloroplasts when grown in the light, but not when grown in the dark”
Claim · model-written summary
Heat at 55 C induced significantly less AL-PCD in light-grown than in dark-grown Arabidopsis cultures.
- Taxon
- Arabidopsis thalianaArabidopsis thalianae0
- Material
- light-grown culturese2
- Treatment
- Heat treatment at 55 degrees Ce2
- Outcome
- AL-PCDe2
- Direction
- lesse2
- Comparator
- dark-grown culturese2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Arabidopsis thaliana cell suspension cultures are model systems”
e2“Heat treatment at 55 degrees C induced apoptotic-like (AL)-PCD in the cultures, but light-grown cultures responded with significantly less AL-PCD than dark-grown cultures”
Claim · model-written summary
Heat at 55 C induced apoptotic-like programmed cell death in Arabidopsis cultures.
- Taxon
- Arabidopsis thalianaArabidopsis thalianae0
- Treatment
- Heat treatment at 55 degrees Ce2
- Outcome
- AL-PCDe2
- Direction
- inducede2
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Arabidopsis thaliana cell suspension cultures are model systems”
e2“Heat treatment at 55 degrees C induced apoptotic-like (AL)-PCD in the cultures, but light-grown cultures responded with significantly less AL-PCD than dark-grown cultures”
Claim · model-written summary
Chloroplast-free light-grown cultures showed increased AL-PCD after heat treatment.
- Taxon
- Arabidopsis thalianaArabidopsis thalianae0
- Material
- Chloroplast-free light-grown culturese3
- Treatment
- norflurazon, spectinomycin, and lincomycine3
- Outcome
- AL-PCDe3
- Direction
- increasede3
- Qualifier
- heat treatmente3
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Arabidopsis thaliana cell suspension cultures are model systems”
e3“Chloroplast-free light-grown cultures were established using norflurazon, spectinomycin, and lincomycin and these cultures responded to heat treatment with increased AL-PCD, demonstrating that chloroplasts affect AL-PCD induction in light-grown cultures”
Claim · model-written summary
Chloroplasts affect AL-PCD induction in light-grown Arabidopsis cultures.
- Taxon
- Arabidopsis thalianaArabidopsis thalianae0
- Outcome
- AL-PCD inductione3
- Qualifier
- chloroplastse3
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Arabidopsis thaliana cell suspension cultures are model systems”
e3“Chloroplast-free light-grown cultures were established using norflurazon, spectinomycin, and lincomycin and these cultures responded to heat treatment with increased AL-PCD, demonstrating that chloroplasts affect AL-PCD induction in light-grown cultures”
Claim · model-written summary
Antioxidant treatment increased AL-PCD induction in light-grown Arabidopsis cultures.
- Taxon
- Arabidopsis thalianaArabidopsis thalianae0
- Material
- light-grown culturese4
- Treatment
- Antioxidant treatmente4
- Outcome
- AL-PCD inductione4
- Direction
- increasede4
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Arabidopsis thaliana cell suspension cultures are model systems”
e4“Antioxidant treatment of light-grown cultures also resulted in increased AL-PCD induction, suggesting that chloroplast-produced ROS may be involved in AL-PCD regulation”
Claim · model-written summary
Chloroplast-produced ROS may be involved in regulating AL-PCD.
- Taxon
- Arabidopsis thalianaArabidopsis thalianae0
- Compound
- chloroplast-produced ROSe4
- Outcome
- AL-PCD regulatione4
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Arabidopsis thaliana cell suspension cultures are model systems”
e4“Antioxidant treatment of light-grown cultures also resulted in increased AL-PCD induction, suggesting that chloroplast-produced ROS may be involved in AL-PCD regulation”
Claim · model-written summary
Cycloheximide treatment prolonged cell viability of light-grown Arabidopsis cultures.
- Taxon
- Arabidopsis thalianaArabidopsis thalianae0
- Material
- light-grown culturese5
- Treatment
- Cycloheximide treatmente5
- Outcome
- cell viabilitye5
- Direction
- prolongede5
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Arabidopsis thaliana cell suspension cultures are model systems”
e5“Cycloheximide treatment of light-grown cultures prolonged cell viability and attenuated AL-PCD induction”
Claim · model-written summary
Cycloheximide treatment attenuated AL-PCD induction in light-grown Arabidopsis cultures.
- Taxon
- Arabidopsis thalianaArabidopsis thalianae0
- Material
- light-grown culturese5
- Treatment
- Cycloheximide treatmente5
- Outcome
- AL-PCD inductione5
- Direction
- attenuatede5
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Arabidopsis thaliana cell suspension cultures are model systems”
e5“Cycloheximide treatment of light-grown cultures prolonged cell viability and attenuated AL-PCD induction”
Claim · model-written summary
The cycloheximide effect was less pronounced in dark-grown cultures.
- Taxon
- Arabidopsis thalianaArabidopsis thalianae0
- Material
- dark-grown culturese6
- Treatment
- Cycloheximide treatmente5
- Outcome
- this effecte6
- Direction
- less pronouncede6
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Arabidopsis thaliana cell suspension cultures are model systems”
e5“Cycloheximide treatment of light-grown cultures prolonged cell viability and attenuated AL-PCD induction”
e6“this effect was less pronounced in dark-grown cultures, and did not occur in antioxidant-treated light-grown cultures”
Claim · model-written summary
The cycloheximide effect did not occur in antioxidant-treated light-grown cultures.
- Taxon
- Arabidopsis thalianaArabidopsis thalianae0
- Material
- antioxidant-treated light-grown culturese6
- Treatment
- Cycloheximide treatmente5
- Outcome
- this effecte6
- Direction
- did not occure6
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Arabidopsis thaliana cell suspension cultures are model systems”
e5“Cycloheximide treatment of light-grown cultures prolonged cell viability and attenuated AL-PCD induction”
e6“this effect was less pronounced in dark-grown cultures, and did not occur in antioxidant-treated light-grown cultures”
Claim · model-written summary
Light, chloroplasts, ROS and nuclear protein synthesis may interact during Arabidopsis AL-PCD.
- Taxon
- Arabidopsis thalianaArabidopsis thalianae0
- Outcome
- plant AL-PCDe7
- Qualifier
- complex interplay between light, chloroplasts, ROS, and nuclear protein synthesise7
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Arabidopsis thaliana cell suspension cultures are model systems”
e7“This suggests that a complex interplay between light, chloroplasts, ROS, and nuclear protein synthesis occurs during plant AL-PCD”
Claim · model-written summary
Studies of AL-PCD should account for the time-point of observation and whether cells are light-grown and chloroplast-containing.
- Taxon
- Arabidopsis thalianaArabidopsis thalianae0
- Outcome
- taking into account the time-point at which cells are observede7
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Arabidopsis thaliana cell suspension cultures are model systems”
e7“taking into account the time-point at which cells are observed”