Abstract
Adequate nitrogen (N) nutrition is essential for producing high vegetable yields of good quality. Fertilizer N not taken up by the plants is, however, economically wasteful and can be lost to the environment. Therefore the efficient use of N fertilizer, involving accurate estimation of crop N demand, choice of application method and timing of N fertilization, is an important research area. The effects of band placement and rate of N fertilization on inorganic N in the soil and the dry matter accumulation, yield and N uptake of cabbage, carrot and onion were studied in a three-year field experiment between 1993 and 1995. The plants were sampled during the growing season to determine the dry matter accumulation and plant N concentration. The inorganic N in the soil was determined during the growing period and after harvest. The N uptake was 3.8 kg, 1.6 kg and 2.5 kg per ton of edible yield of cabbage, carrot and onion, respectively. At the highest yield levels the N uptake including crop residues was 300 kg ha-1, 150 kg ha-1 and 120 kg ha-1 in cabbage, carrot and onion, respectively. In cabbage, almost 50% of N was in crop residues, whereas in carrot and onion only about 30% of N was in crop residues. Nitrogen uptake from non-fertilized soil varied from 29 to 160 kg ha-1, depending on the growing season and the crop. Cabbage and carrot utilised soil N efficiently, usually taking up more than 100 kg ha-1 from non-fertilized soil. Onion, on the contrary, utilised soil N relatively poorly, usually less than 50 kg ha-1 from non-fertilized soil. The rate of N uptake was low with all crops in early summer. After one month, N uptake increased in cabbage and onion. This uptake continued until harvest, i.e. mid-August for onion and early September for cabbage. Nitrogen uptake by carrot started rapidly only two months after sowing and continued until harvest at the end of September. High N rates often resulted in high N concentrations and N uptakes, but growth was not necessarily increased. One month after fertilization, most of the N placed was still near the original fertilizer band and at the depth of 5-10 cm. At that time, broadcast N was at a depth of 0-5 cm. After harvest the soil mineral N content was generally low, i.e. below 25 kg ha-1 at the depth of 0-60 cm. Onion was an exception with poor growth in 1994, when soil mineral N after the highest N rate was 80 kg ha-1 at a depth of 0-60 cm after harvest. The placement distance in the cabbage experiment, 7.5 cm in the side and 7 cm below cabbage transplants, resulted in lower plant growth and N uptake than broadcasting of N at the beginning of the growing periods 1993 and 1994. Towards harvest differences between application methods decreased, although in 1993, placement of N still led to 6% lower cabbage yields than broadcasting of N. In 1993, high N rates increased cabbage dry weight and N uptake towards harvest, and this effect was more pronounced when N was broadcast. In 1994, soil N mineralisation was high, and only non-fertilized cabbages took up less N than fertilized plants. Carrot was remarkably insensitive to N fertilization. Carrot yields were similar with and without N fertilizers. Band placement and N rate did not affect carrot growth and N uptake. In 1993, band placement and high rates of N increased onion growth and bulb yield more than broadcasting. In 1994, onion growth was poor and treatments did not affect plant N concentrations or growth. Apparent recovery of fertilizer N was increased in 1993 by low N rates or band placement. This result that band placement of N does not much affect vegetable growth is in agreement with most previous studies. With onion, probably due to the sparse root system, positive effects of N placement are most likely to be found.;
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Claims 20
Claim · model-written summary
Cabbage took up 3.8 kg nitrogen per ton of edible yield.
- Taxon
- cabbage
Brassica oleracea var. capitatae0 - Outcome
- N uptakee0
- Value
- 3.8 kge0
- Qualifier
- per ton of edible yielde0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The N uptake was 3.8 kg, 1.6 kg and 2.5 kg per ton of edible yield of cabbage, carrot and onion, respectively.”
Claim · model-written summary
Carrot took up 1.6 kg nitrogen per ton of edible yield.
- Taxon
- carrot
Daucus carotae0 - Outcome
- N uptakee0
- Value
- 1.6 kge0
- Qualifier
- per ton of edible yielde0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The N uptake was 3.8 kg, 1.6 kg and 2.5 kg per ton of edible yield of cabbage, carrot and onion, respectively.”
Claim · model-written summary
Onion took up 2.5 kg nitrogen per ton of edible yield.
- Taxon
- onion
Allium cepae0 - Outcome
- N uptakee0
- Value
- 2.5 kge0
- Qualifier
- per ton of edible yielde0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The N uptake was 3.8 kg, 1.6 kg and 2.5 kg per ton of edible yield of cabbage, carrot and onion, respectively.”
Claim · model-written summary
At highest yields, cabbage nitrogen uptake including residues was 300 kg ha-1.
- Taxon
- cabbageBrassica oleracea var. capitatae0
- Outcome
- N uptake including crop residuese0
- Value
- 300 kg ha-1e0
- Qualifier
- highest yield levelse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“At the highest yield levels the N uptake including crop residues was 300 kg ha-1, 150 kg ha-1 and 120 kg ha-1 in cabbage, carrot and onion, respectively.”
Claim · model-written summary
At highest yields, carrot nitrogen uptake including residues was 150 kg ha-1.
- Taxon
- carrotDaucus carotae0
- Outcome
- N uptake including crop residuese0
- Value
- 150 kg ha-1e0
- Qualifier
- highest yield levelse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“At the highest yield levels the N uptake including crop residues was 300 kg ha-1, 150 kg ha-1 and 120 kg ha-1 in cabbage, carrot and onion, respectively.”
Claim · model-written summary
At highest yields, onion nitrogen uptake including residues was 120 kg ha-1.
- Taxon
- onionAllium cepae0
- Outcome
- N uptake including crop residuese0
- Value
- 120 kg ha-1e0
- Qualifier
- highest yield levelse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“At the highest yield levels the N uptake including crop residues was 300 kg ha-1, 150 kg ha-1 and 120 kg ha-1 in cabbage, carrot and onion, respectively.”
Claim · model-written summary
Almost 50% of cabbage nitrogen was in crop residues.
- Taxon
- cabbageBrassica oleracea var. capitatae0
- Outcome
- N was in crop residuese0
- Value
- almost 50%e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“In cabbage, almost 50% of N was in crop residues”
Claim · model-written summary
About 30% of carrot and onion nitrogen was in crop residues.
- Taxon
- carrot and onionDaucus carotaAllium cepae0
- Outcome
- N was in crop residuese0
- Value
- about 30%e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“in carrot and onion only about 30% of N was in crop residues”
Claim · model-written summary
Cabbage and carrot generally took up more than 100 kg ha-1 nitrogen from non-fertilized soil.
- Taxon
- Cabbage and carrotBrassica oleracea var. capitataDaucus carotae0
- Outcome
- soil Ne0
- Value
- more than 100 kg ha-1e0
- Qualifier
- non-fertilized soile0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Cabbage and carrot utilised soil N efficiently, usually taking up more than 100 kg ha-1 from non-fertilized soil”
Claim · model-written summary
Onion generally took up less than 50 kg ha-1 nitrogen from non-fertilized soil.
- Taxon
- OnionAllium cepae0
- Outcome
- soil Ne0
- Value
- less than 50 kg ha-1e0
- Qualifier
- non-fertilized soile0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Onion, on the contrary, utilised soil N relatively poorly, usually less than 50 kg ha-1 from non-fertilized soil”
Claim · model-written summary
Early summer nitrogen uptake was low in all three crops, then increased after one month in cabbage and onion and after two months in carrot.
- Taxon
- cabbage and onionBrassica oleracea var. capitataAllium cepae0
- Outcome
- N uptakee0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Qualifier
- After one monthe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The rate of N uptake was low with all crops in early summer. After one month, N uptake increased in cabbage and onion.”
e1“Nitrogen uptake by carrot started rapidly only two months after sowing”
Claim · model-written summary
High nitrogen rates often raised plant nitrogen concentration and uptake without necessarily increasing growth.
- Taxon
- cabbage, carrot and onionBrassica oleracea var. capitataDaucus carotaAllium cepae1
- Treatment
- High N ratese0
- Outcome
- N concentrations and N uptakese0
- Direction
- highe0
- Qualifier
- growth was not necessarily increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“High N rates often resulted in high N concentrations and N uptakes, but growth was not necessarily increased.”
e1“dry matter accumulation, yield and N uptake of cabbage, carrot and onion were studied”
Claim · model-written summary
Fertilizer placement left most nitrogen near the band at 5-10 cm after one month, whereas broadcast nitrogen was at 0-5 cm.
- Taxon
- cabbage, carrot and onionBrassica oleracea var. capitataDaucus carotaAllium cepae1
- Outcome
- N placed was still near the original fertilizer bande0
- Value
- 5-10 cme0
- Qualifier
- 0-5 cme0
- Comparator
- broadcast Ne0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“One month after fertilization, most of the N placed was still near the original fertilizer band and at the depth of 5-10 cm. At that time, broadcast N was at a depth of 0-5 cm.”
e1“dry matter accumulation, yield and N uptake of cabbage, carrot and onion were studied”
Claim · model-written summary
Residual soil mineral nitrogen was generally below 25 kg ha-1 after harvest, except in poorly growing onion in 1994 when the highest rate left 80 kg ha-1.
- Taxon
- cabbage, carrot and onionBrassica oleracea var. capitataDaucus carotaAllium cepae1
- Outcome
- soil mineral N contente0
- Value
- below 25 kg ha-1e0
- Qualifier
- 0-60 cme0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“After harvest the soil mineral N content was generally low, i.e. below 25 kg ha-1 at the depth of 0-60 cm. Onion was an exception with poor growth in 1994, when soil mineral N after the highest N rate was 80 kg ha-1 at a depth of 0-60 cm after harvest.”
e1“dry matter accumulation, yield and N uptake of cabbage, carrot and onion were studied”
Claim · model-written summary
In 1993 and 1994, band placement reduced early cabbage growth and nitrogen uptake relative to broadcasting; the 1993 yield remained 6% lower at harvest.
- Taxon
- cabbageBrassica oleracea var. capitatae0
- Treatment
- placement of Ne0
- Outcome
- cabbage yieldse0
- Direction
- lowere0
- Value
- 6%e0
- Qualifier
- in 1993e0
- Comparator
- broadcasting of Ne0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The placement distance in the cabbage experiment, 7.5 cm in the side and 7 cm below cabbage transplants, resulted in lower plant growth and N uptake than broadcasting of N at the beginning of the growing periods 1993 and 1994. Towards harvest differences between application methods decreased, although in 1993, placement of N still led to 6% lower cabbage yields than broadcasting of N.”
Claim · model-written summary
High nitrogen rates increased cabbage dry weight and uptake toward harvest in 1993, especially with broadcasting.
- Taxon
- cabbageBrassica oleracea var. capitatae0
- Treatment
- high N ratese0
- Outcome
- cabbage dry weight and N uptakee0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Qualifier
- more pronounced when N was broadcaste0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“In 1993, high N rates increased cabbage dry weight and N uptake towards harvest, and this effect was more pronounced when N was broadcast.”
Claim · model-written summary
Carrot yields were similar with and without nitrogen fertilizer, and band placement and rate did not affect carrot growth or nitrogen uptake.
- Taxon
- CarrotDaucus carotae0
- Treatment
- N fertilizerse0
- Outcome
- Carrot yieldse0
- Direction
- similare0
- Comparator
- without N fertilizerse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Carrot yields were similar with and without N fertilizers. Band placement and N rate did not affect carrot growth and N uptake.”
Claim · model-written summary
In 1993, band placement and high nitrogen rates increased onion growth and bulb yield more than broadcasting.
- Taxon
- onionAllium cepae0
- Treatment
- band placement and high rates of Ne0
- Outcome
- onion growth and bulb yielde0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Qualifier
- In 1993e0
- Comparator
- broadcastinge0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“In 1993, band placement and high rates of N increased onion growth and bulb yield more than broadcasting.”
Claim · model-written summary
In 1994, onion growth was poor and treatments did not affect plant nitrogen concentration or growth.
- Taxon
- onionAllium cepae0
- Treatment
- treatmentse0
- Outcome
- plant N concentrations or growthe0
- Direction
- did not affecte0
- Qualifier
- In 1994e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“In 1994, onion growth was poor and treatments did not affect plant N concentrations or growth.”
Claim · model-written summary
Low nitrogen rates or band placement increased apparent fertilizer nitrogen recovery in 1993.
- Taxon
- cabbage, carrot and onionBrassica oleracea var. capitataDaucus carotaAllium cepae1
- Treatment
- low N rates or band placemente0
- Outcome
- Apparent recovery of fertilizer Ne0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Qualifier
- in 1993e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Apparent recovery of fertilizer N was increased in 1993 by low N rates or band placement.”
e1“dry matter accumulation, yield and N uptake of cabbage, carrot and onion were studied”
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