Abstract
summary Cloned cuttings of Betula pendula Roth were grown in field fumigation chambers at Birmensdorf throughout one growing season in filtered air with either < 3 (control) or 90/40 nl l −1 O 3 (day/night; ozone generated from pure oxygen). Each ozone regime was split into high and low soil nutrient regimes by watering plants with either a 0.05 % or a 0.005% solution of a fertilizer which contained macronutrients and micronutrients. Fertilization had a strong effect on plant growth, enzyme activities and the expression of ozone‐induced effects at the biochemical level. The activities of PEPC and Rubisco were enhanced about threefold in the plants with high fertilization (HF). Significant effects of ozone were in most cases found only in the older leaves of the plants with low fertilization (LF), There, sucrose, glucose and fructose levels were enhanced. In both fertilization treatments, the number of starch granules along the minor veins was increased. These ozone effects point to a decreased or inhibited phloem loading. The increased PEPC activity and the enhanced malate levels in the ozone‐exposed plants might be the result of a redirection of carbon flow from sucrose synthesis and translocation towards anapleurotic processes, which can feed detoxification and repair of ozone injury as indicated by enhanced respiration. These findings agree well with the observed effects of ozone in lowering the root: shoot biomass ratio. Although there was a marked reduction in the O 3 /LF plants, O 3 /HF plants showed no significant response. Inositol was decreased under ozone exposure in both fertilizer treatments, contrasting with the pattern for carbohydrates. These results demonstrate the role of fertilization as an important modifier of ozone‐induced effects at the plant biochemical level. Well fertilized plants appear to cope better with the impact of ozone on metabolism.
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Claims 14
Claim · model-written summary
Fertilization strongly affected growth, enzyme activities and biochemical ozone responses.
- Taxon
- Betula pendula
Betula pendulat0 - Treatment
- Fertilizatione0
- Outcome
- plant growth, enzyme activities and the expression of ozone‐induced effectse0
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Fertilization had a strong effect on plant growth, enzyme activities and the expression of ozone‐induced effects at the biochemical level.”
t0“Betula pendula”
Claim · model-written summary
High fertilization enhanced PEPC and Rubisco activities about threefold.
- Taxon
- Betula pendulaBetula pendulat0
- Treatment
- high fertilizatione0
- Outcome
- activities of PEPC and Rubiscoe0
- Direction
- enhancede0
- Value
- about threefolde0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The activities of PEPC and Rubisco were enhanced about threefold in the plants with high fertilization (HF).”
t0“Betula pendula”
Claim · model-written summary
Significant ozone effects generally occurred only in older leaves under low fertilization.
- Taxon
- Betula pendulaBetula pendulat0
- Organ / stage
- older leavese0
- Treatment
- ozonee0
- Outcome
- effects of ozonee0
- Qualifier
- in most casese0
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Significant effects of ozone were in most cases found only in the older leaves of the plants with low fertilization (LF)”
t0“Betula pendula”
Claim · model-written summary
Ozone enhanced sucrose, glucose and fructose in older low-fertilization leaves.
- Taxon
- Betula pendulaBetula pendulat0
- Organ / stage
- older leavese0
- Treatment
- ozonee0
- Outcome
- sucrose, glucose and fructose levelse0
- Direction
- enhancede0
- Qualifier
- low fertilizatione0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Significant effects of ozone were in most cases found only in the older leaves of the plants with low fertilization (LF), There, sucrose, glucose and fructose levels were enhanced.”
t0“Betula pendula”
Claim · model-written summary
Ozone increased starch-granule numbers along minor veins in both fertilizer regimes.
- Taxon
- Betula pendulaBetula pendulat0
- Organ / stage
- minor veinse0
- Treatment
- ozonee1
- Outcome
- number of starch granulese0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Qualifier
- both fertilization treatmentse0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“In both fertilization treatments, the number of starch granules along the minor veins was increased.”
e1“These ozone effects point to a decreased or inhibited phloem loading.”
t0“Betula pendula”
Claim · model-written summary
Ozone effects suggest decreased or inhibited phloem loading.
- Taxon
- Betula pendulaBetula pendulat0
- Treatment
- ozonee0
- Outcome
- phloem loadinge0
- Direction
- decreased or inhibitede0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“These ozone effects point to a decreased or inhibited phloem loading.”
t0“Betula pendula”
Claim · model-written summary
Ozone-exposed plants showed increased PEPC activity and malate levels.
- Taxon
- Betula pendulaBetula pendulat0
- Treatment
- ozone‐exposede0
- Outcome
- PEPC activitye0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The increased PEPC activity and the enhanced malate levels in the ozone‐exposed plants”
t0“Betula pendula”
Claim · model-written summary
Ozone-exposed plants had enhanced malate levels.
- Taxon
- Betula pendulaBetula pendulat0
- Treatment
- ozone‐exposede0
- Outcome
- malate levelse0
- Direction
- enhancede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The increased PEPC activity and the enhanced malate levels in the ozone‐exposed plants”
t0“Betula pendula”
Claim · model-written summary
Metabolic changes may reflect carbon redirection towards anaplerotic detoxification and repair, with enhanced respiration.
- Taxon
- Betula pendulaBetula pendulat0
- Outcome
- detoxification and repair of ozone injurye0
- Qualifier
- redirection of carbon flow from sucrose synthesis and translocation towards anapleurotic processese0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“might be the result of a redirection of carbon flow from sucrose synthesis and translocation towards anapleurotic processes, which can feed detoxification and repair of ozone injury as indicated by enhanced respiration.”
t0“Betula pendula”
Claim · model-written summary
Ozone enhanced respiration.
- Taxon
- Betula pendulaBetula pendulat0
- Treatment
- ozonee0
- Outcome
- respiratione0
- Direction
- enhancede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“repair of ozone injury as indicated by enhanced respiration.”
t0“Betula pendula”
Claim · model-written summary
Ozone markedly reduced the root:shoot biomass ratio under low fertilization.
- Taxon
- Betula pendulaBetula pendulat0
- Treatment
- ozonee0
- Outcome
- root: shoot biomass ratioe0
- Direction
- reductione0
- Qualifier
- O 3 /LF plantse0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“These findings agree well with the observed effects of ozone in lowering the root: shoot biomass ratio. Although there was a marked reduction in the O 3 /LF plants, O 3 /HF plants showed no significant response.”
t0“Betula pendula”
Claim · model-written summary
High-fertilization plants had no significant ozone response in root:shoot biomass ratio.
- Taxon
- Betula pendulaBetula pendulat0
- Treatment
- ozonee0
- Outcome
- root: shoot biomass ratioe0
- Qualifier
- O 3 /HF plantse0
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“These findings agree well with the observed effects of ozone in lowering the root: shoot biomass ratio. Although there was a marked reduction in the O 3 /LF plants, O 3 /HF plants showed no significant response.”
t0“Betula pendula”
Claim · model-written summary
Ozone decreased inositol in both fertilizer treatments.
- Taxon
- Betula pendulaBetula pendulat0
- Treatment
- ozone exposuree0
- Outcome
- Inositole0
- Direction
- decreasede0
- Qualifier
- both fertilizer treatmentse0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Inositol was decreased under ozone exposure in both fertilizer treatments, contrasting with the pattern for carbohydrates.”
t0“Betula pendula”
Claim · model-written summary
Well-fertilized plants appear better able to cope with ozone effects on metabolism.
- Taxon
- Betula pendulaBetula pendulat0
- Outcome
- cope better with the impact of ozone on metabolisme0
- Qualifier
- appeare0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Well fertilized plants appear to cope better with the impact of ozone on metabolism.”
t0“Betula pendula”
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