Abstract
Initiation of leaves at the flanks of the shoot apical meristem occurs at sites of auxin accumulation and pronounced expression of auxin-inducible PIN-FORMED1 (PIN) genes, suggesting a feedback loop to progressively focus auxin in concrete spots. Because PIN expression is regulated by auxin response factor activity, including MONOPTEROS (MP), it appeared possible that MP affects leaf formation as a positive regulator of PIN genes and auxin transport. Here, we analyze a novel, completely leafless phenotype arising from simultaneous interference with both auxin signaling and auxin transport. We show that mp pin1 double mutants, as well as mp mutants treated with auxin-efflux inhibitors, display synergistic abnormalities not seen in wild type regardless of how strongly auxin transport was reduced. The synergism of abnormalities indicates that the role of MP in shoot meristem organization is not limited to auxin transport regulation. In the mp mutant background, auxin transport inhibition completely abolishes leaf formation. Instead of forming leaves, the abnormal shoot meristems dramatically increase in size, harboring correspondingly enlarged expression domains of CLAVATA3 and SHOOTMERISTEMLESS, molecular markers for the central stem cell zone and the complete meristem, respectively. The observed synergism under conditions of auxin efflux inhibition was further supported by an unrestricted PIN1 expression in mp meristems, as compared to a partial restriction in wild-type meristems. Auxin transport-inhibited mp meristems also lacked detectable auxin maxima. We conclude that MP promotes the focusing of auxin and leaf initiation in part through pathways not affected by auxin efflux inhibitors.
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Claims 8
Claim · model-written summary
mp pin1 double mutants show synergistic abnormalities not seen in wild type.
Not reportedTaxon
Verbatim
e1“mp pin1 double mutants, as well as mp mutants treated with auxin-efflux inhibitors, display synergistic abnormalities not seen in wild type”
Claim · model-written summary
Abnormal shoot meristems increase in size instead of forming leaves.
Not reportedTaxon
Verbatim
e2“Instead of forming leaves, the abnormal shoot meristems dramatically increase in size, harboring correspondingly enlarged expression domains of CLAVATA3 and SHOOTMERISTEMLESS”
Claim · model-written summary
Auxin transport inhibition completely abolishes leaf formation in the mp mutant.
Not reportedTaxonComparator
Verbatim
e3“In the mp mutant background, auxin transport inhibition completely abolishes leaf formation”
Claim · model-written summary
Shoot meristems of the abnormal mp plants show enlarged expression domains of CLAVATA3 and SHOOTMERISTEMLESS.
Not reportedTaxon
Verbatim
e2“Instead of forming leaves, the abnormal shoot meristems dramatically increase in size, harboring correspondingly enlarged expression domains of CLAVATA3 and SHOOTMERISTEMLESS”
Claim · model-written summary
Auxin transport-inhibited mp meristems lacked detectable auxin maxima.
- Material
- mp meristemse5
- Treatment
- Auxin transport-inhibitede5
- Outcome
- detectable auxin maximae5
- Direction
- lackede5
Not reportedTaxonComparator
Verbatim
e5“Auxin transport-inhibited mp meristems also lacked detectable auxin maxima”
Claim · model-written summary
PIN1 expression is unrestricted in mp meristems, compared with a partial restriction in wild-type meristems.
- Material
- mp meristemse6
- Gene
- PIN1e6
- Outcome
- PIN1 expressione6
- Direction
- unrestrictede6
- Comparator
- wild-type meristemse6
Not reportedTaxon
Verbatim
e6“an unrestricted PIN1 expression in mp meristems, as compared to a partial restriction in wild-type meristems”
Claim · model-written summary
MP promotes auxin focusing and leaf initiation in part through pathways not affected by auxin efflux inhibitors.
Not reportedTaxon
Verbatim
e7“We conclude that MP promotes the focusing of auxin and leaf initiation in part through pathways not affected by auxin efflux inhibitors”
Claim · model-written summary
The role of MP in shoot meristem organization is not limited to auxin transport regulation.
Not reportedTaxon
Verbatim
e1“The synergism of abnormalities indicates that the role of MP in shoot meristem organization is not limited to auxin transport regulation”