Abstract
The potential of postharvest dip treatments with fludioxonil (FLU) (a synthetic analogue of the bacterial metabolite of pyrrolnitrin), in controlling postharvest decay caused by Penicillium digitatum and Penicillium italicum of citrus fruit was investigated in comparison with the conventional fungicide imazalil (IMZ). The ultrastructural changes of fruit epicuticular wax was investigated as a function of water dip temperature, and the possible role of these changes was related to residue accumulation under FLU treatment. Residues retained by fruit were determined as a function of fungicide concentration, dip temperature, and fruit storage conditions. Scanning electron microscopy analysis revealed that fruit dipping in water at 30 or 40 degrees C did not cause differences in cuticular wax's ultrastructure in comparison to control fruit, while treatments at 50, 55, or 60 degrees C caused the disappearance of wax platelets, resulting in relatively homogeneous skin surface, due to partial "melting" of epicuticular wax. Residues of FLU in fruit treated at 20 or 50 degrees C were significantly correlated with the doses of fungicide applied. When equal amounts of fungicide were employed, the residue concentrations were notably higher (from 2.6- to 4-fold) in fruit treated at 50 degrees C than in fruit treated at 20 degrees C. The dissipation rate of FLU in "Salustiana" and "Tarocco" oranges was lower in fruit subjected to treatment at 50 degrees C. The minimal FLU concentration for almost complete decay control in artificially wounded fruit during 7-d storage at 20 degrees C was 400 mg/L active ingredient (ai) in fruit treated at 20 degrees C and 100 mg/L ai in fruit treated at 50 degrees C. Results on nonwounded Tarocco oranges subjected to 3 weeks of simulated quarantine conditions at 1 degrees C, plus 6 weeks of standard storage at 8 degrees C and an additional two weeks of simulated marketing period (SMP) at 20 degrees C revealed that almost complete decay control with FLU applications of 100 mg/L at 50 degrees C and 400 mg/L at 20 degrees C resulted in ca. 0.8 mg/kg FLU fruit residues, in agreement with results on wounded citrus fruit. When equal concentrations and temperatures were applied, FLU treatments were as effective as IMZ. In vitro trials showed a low sensitivity to FLU against P. digitatum and P. italicum isolates. MIC values for the complete inhibition of mycelium growth were >or=100 microg/mL, while ED(50) values ranged from 0.1 to 1 microg/mL for P. digitatum and from 1 to >100 microg/mL for P. italicum. The latter result suggests that care should be taken to avoid exclusive application of FLU in a sustainable program for management of fruit decay. However, integrating fungicide application and hot water dip may reduce the possibility of selecting fungicide-resistant populations of the pathogen, by increasing the effectiveness of the treatment.
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Claims 15
Claim · model-written summary
Water dips at 30 or 40 degrees C did not change citrus cuticular wax ultrastructure relative to controls.
- Treatment
- fruit dipping in water at 30 or 40 degrees Ce0
- Outcome
- cuticular wax's ultrastructuree0
- Direction
- did not cause differencese0
- Comparator
- control fruite0
CitrusOrganisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“fruit dipping in water at 30 or 40 degrees C did not cause differences in cuticular wax's ultrastructure in comparison to control fruit”
t0“Citrus Fruit”
Claim · model-written summary
Water dips at 50, 55 or 60 degrees C caused citrus wax platelet disappearance.
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“treatments at 50, 55, or 60 degrees C caused the disappearance of wax platelets, resulting in relatively homogeneous skin surface, due to partial "melting" of epicuticular wax”
t0“Citrus Fruit”
Claim · model-written summary
Heated dips produced a relatively homogeneous citrus skin surface.
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“treatments at 50, 55, or 60 degrees C caused the disappearance of wax platelets, resulting in relatively homogeneous skin surface, due to partial "melting" of epicuticular wax”
t0“Citrus Fruit”
Claim · model-written summary
Fludioxonil residues correlated significantly with applied dose.
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Residues of FLU in fruit treated at 20 or 50 degrees C were significantly correlated with the doses of fungicide applied.”
t0“Citrus Fruit”
Claim · model-written summary
At equal fungicide amounts, 50 degree C dips gave 2.6- to 4-fold higher citrus residues than 20 degree C dips.
- Treatment
- 50 degrees Ce0
- Outcome
- residue concentrationse0
- Direction
- highere0
- Value
- 2.6- to 4-folde0
- Comparator
- 20 degrees Ce0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“When equal amounts of fungicide were employed, the residue concentrations were notably higher (from 2.6- to 4-fold) in fruit treated at 50 degrees C than in fruit treated at 20 degrees C.”
t0“Citrus Fruit”
Claim · model-written summary
FLU dissipated more slowly in Salustiana and Tarocco oranges after treatment at 50 degrees C.
- Taxon
- orangese0
- Material
- "Salustiana" and "Tarocco"e0
- Treatment
- treatment at 50 degrees Ce0
- Outcome
- dissipation rate of FLUe0
- Direction
- lowere0
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e0“The dissipation rate of FLU in "Salustiana" and "Tarocco" oranges was lower in fruit subjected to treatment at 50 degrees C.”
t0“Citrus Fruit”
Claim · model-written summary
At 20 degrees C, 400 mg/L FLU was needed for almost complete decay control in wounded fruit.
- Treatment
- 400 mg/L active ingredient (ai) in fruit treated at 20 degrees Ce0
- Outcome
- almost complete decay controle0
- Qualifier
- artificially wounded fruit during 7-d storage at 20 degrees Ce0
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The minimal FLU concentration for almost complete decay control in artificially wounded fruit during 7-d storage at 20 degrees C was 400 mg/L active ingredient (ai) in fruit treated at 20 degrees C and 100 mg/L ai in fruit treated at 50 degrees C.”
t0“Citrus Fruit”
Claim · model-written summary
At 50 degrees C, 100 mg/L FLU was needed for almost complete decay control in wounded fruit.
- Treatment
- 100 mg/L ai in fruit treated at 50 degrees Ce0
- Outcome
- almost complete decay controle0
- Qualifier
- artificially wounded fruit during 7-d storage at 20 degrees Ce0
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The minimal FLU concentration for almost complete decay control in artificially wounded fruit during 7-d storage at 20 degrees C was 400 mg/L active ingredient (ai) in fruit treated at 20 degrees C and 100 mg/L ai in fruit treated at 50 degrees C.”
t0“Citrus Fruit”
Claim · model-written summary
For nonwounded Tarocco oranges, 100 mg/L FLU at 50 degrees C gave almost complete decay control and about 0.8 mg/kg residue.
- Taxon
- orangese1
- Material
- Taroccoe1
- Treatment
- FLU applications of 100 mg/L at 50 degrees Ce0
- Outcome
- almost complete decay controle0
- Qualifier
- ca. 0.8 mg/kg FLU fruit residuese0
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Verbatim
e0“almost complete decay control with FLU applications of 100 mg/L at 50 degrees C and 400 mg/L at 20 degrees C resulted in ca. 0.8 mg/kg FLU fruit residues”
e1“nonwounded Tarocco oranges subjected to 3 weeks of simulated quarantine conditions at 1 degrees C, plus 6 weeks of standard storage at 8 degrees C and an additional two weeks of simulated marketing period (SMP) at 20 degrees C”
Claim · model-written summary
For nonwounded Tarocco oranges, 400 mg/L FLU at 20 degrees C gave almost complete decay control and about 0.8 mg/kg residue.
- Taxon
- orangese1
- Material
- Taroccoe1
- Treatment
- 400 mg/L at 20 degrees Ce0
- Outcome
- almost complete decay controle0
- Qualifier
- ca. 0.8 mg/kg FLU fruit residuese0
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Verbatim
e0“almost complete decay control with FLU applications of 100 mg/L at 50 degrees C and 400 mg/L at 20 degrees C resulted in ca. 0.8 mg/kg FLU fruit residues”
e1“nonwounded Tarocco oranges subjected to 3 weeks of simulated quarantine conditions at 1 degrees C, plus 6 weeks of standard storage at 8 degrees C and an additional two weeks of simulated marketing period (SMP) at 20 degrees C”
Claim · model-written summary
At equal concentrations and temperatures, FLU and IMZ were equally effective.
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“When equal concentrations and temperatures were applied, FLU treatments were as effective as IMZ.”
t0“Citrus Fruit”
Claim · model-written summary
P. digitatum isolates showed low in vitro FLU sensitivity, with MIC at least 100 microg/mL and ED50 0.1 to 1 microg/mL.
- Interactor
- P. digitatum
Penicillium digitatume0pathogen - Outcome
- low sensitivity to FLU against P. digitatume0
- Value
- >or=100 microg/mLe0
- Qualifier
- 0.1 to 1 microg/mLe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“In vitro trials showed a low sensitivity to FLU against P. digitatum and P. italicum isolates. MIC values for the complete inhibition of mycelium growth were >or=100 microg/mL, while ED(50) values ranged from 0.1 to 1 microg/mL for P. digitatum and from 1 to >100 microg/mL for P. italicum.”
t0“Citrus Fruit”
Claim · model-written summary
P. italicum isolates showed low in vitro FLU sensitivity, with MIC at least 100 microg/mL and ED50 1 to greater than 100 microg/mL.
- Interactor
- P. italicum
Penicillium italicume0pathogen - Outcome
- low sensitivity to FLU against P. digitatum and P. italicum isolatese0
- Value
- >or=100 microg/mLe0
- Qualifier
- 1 to >100 microg/mLe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“In vitro trials showed a low sensitivity to FLU against P. digitatum and P. italicum isolates. MIC values for the complete inhibition of mycelium growth were >or=100 microg/mL, while ED(50) values ranged from 0.1 to 1 microg/mL for P. digitatum and from 1 to >100 microg/mL for P. italicum.”
t0“Citrus Fruit”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors advised against exclusive FLU use in fruit decay management.
- Outcome
- avoid exclusive application of FLUe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“care should be taken to avoid exclusive application of FLU in a sustainable program for management of fruit decay.”
t0“Citrus Fruit”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors proposed combining fungicide and hot water dip to reduce selection of resistant pathogen populations.
- Outcome
- integrating fungicide application and hot water dipe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“integrating fungicide application and hot water dip may reduce the possibility of selecting fungicide-resistant populations of the pathogen, by increasing the effectiveness of the treatment.”
t0“Citrus Fruit”
The same questions in other papers
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- positive
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- positive
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See all 14 papers →Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.