Abstract
Naturally contaminated yellow corn containing 12500 ng/g of aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) was ground and blended with non-contaminated corn to obtain various levels of AFB1 (7500, 6300, 400, 354, and 17 ng AFB1/g). All samples were exposed to ammonia treatment under various conditions for 60 min. Treatment variables included ammonia concentration, moisture level of the corn, temperature, and pressure applied. The moisture content of the corn (8%) was adjusted to 12% and 16%, respectively. Four ammonia treatments were conducted for each moisture level: (a) 1.5% and 2.0% gaseous NH3 at 40-45 degrees C and 55 psi; (b) aqueous NH4OH (2.0% as NH3) at 121 degrees C and 17 psi; (c) sequential treatment of (a) and (b); and (d) aqueous NH4OH (2.0% as NH3) at 25 degrees C and 55 psi. For the treatment with 2% gaseous NH3, the reduction in levels of AFB1 in samples containing 12% moisture ranged from 52.7 to 67.7%, while in samples containing 16% moisture, the reduction ranged from 79.4 to 93.1%. Treatment with NH4OH alone at elevated temperatures (b) or following gaseous NH3 treatment (c) resulted in a reduction of the AFB1 content by greater than 99%. Treatment with NH4OH at 25 degrees C (d) showed a lower efficiency in reducing AFB1 levels. The permanency of the process, i.e. reversion of inactivated AFB1 to the parent compound, was studied by exposing the ammonia-treated corn to HCl (pH = 2.0 at 37 degrees C for 2 h) to simulate stomach acidity. The results showed no significant reversion of aflatoxin (reversibility less than 0.05%). These findings suggest that at high temperature aqueous NH4OH or gaseous NH3 can be used effectively to reduce AFB1 in corn. The present study also revealed that the moisture level of the product and holding temperature were the crucial factors that influenced the efficacy of aflatoxin decontamination by ammoniation.
Abstract from the paper’s OpenAlex record, shown for indexing and research. Copyright remains with the authors or the publisher. Read at the source ↗
The text the model read, with the source record’s inline markup (italics, sub- and superscripts) rendered and its character entities decoded; quote offsets refer to the raw text.
Claims 8
Claim · model-written summary
Gaseous ammonia reduced AFB1 by 52.7 to 67.7% in corn with 12% moisture.
- Taxon
- corn
Zea mays subsp. mayst0 - Treatment
- 2% gaseous NH3e0
- Outcome
- levels of AFB1e0
- Direction
- reductione0
- Value
- 52.7 to 67.7%e0
- Qualifier
- 12% moisturee0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“For the treatment with 2% gaseous NH3, the reduction in levels of AFB1 in samples containing 12% moisture ranged from 52.7 to 67.7%”
t0“corn”
Claim · model-written summary
Gaseous ammonia reduced AFB1 by 79.4 to 93.1% in corn with 16% moisture.
- Taxon
- cornZea mays subsp. mayst0
- Treatment
- 2% gaseous NH3e1
- Outcome
- AFB1e1
- Direction
- reductione0
- Value
- 79.4 to 93.1%e0
- Qualifier
- 16% moisturee0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“while in samples containing 16% moisture, the reduction ranged from 79.4 to 93.1%”
e1“For the treatment with 2% gaseous NH3, the reduction in levels of AFB1”
t0“corn”
Claim · model-written summary
High-temperature aqueous ammonium hydroxide reduced corn AFB1 content by more than 99%.
- Taxon
- cornZea mays subsp. mayst0
- Treatment
- NH4OH alone at elevated temperaturese0
- Outcome
- AFB1 contente0
- Direction
- reductione0
- Value
- greater than 99%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Treatment with NH4OH alone at elevated temperatures (b) or following gaseous NH3 treatment (c) resulted in a reduction of the AFB1 content by greater than 99%”
t0“corn”
Claim · model-written summary
Aqueous ammonium hydroxide following gaseous ammonia reduced corn AFB1 content by more than 99%.
- Taxon
- cornZea mays subsp. mayst0
- Treatment
- following gaseous NH3 treatmente0
- Outcome
- AFB1 contente0
- Direction
- reductione0
- Value
- greater than 99%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Treatment with NH4OH alone at elevated temperatures (b) or following gaseous NH3 treatment (c) resulted in a reduction of the AFB1 content by greater than 99%”
t0“corn”
Claim · model-written summary
Ammonium hydroxide at 25 degrees C had lower efficiency in reducing corn AFB1.
- Taxon
- cornZea mays subsp. mayst0
- Treatment
- NH4OH at 25 degrees Ce0
- Outcome
- AFB1 levelse0
- Direction
- lowere0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Treatment with NH4OH at 25 degrees C (d) showed a lower efficiency in reducing AFB1 levels”
t0“corn”
Claim · model-written summary
Ammonia-treated corn showed no significant aflatoxin reversion under simulated stomach acidity; reversibility was less than 0.05%.
- Taxon
- cornZea mays subsp. mayse0
- Treatment
- HCl (pH = 2.0 at 37 degrees C for 2 h)e0
- Outcome
- reversion of aflatoxine0
- Direction
- no significant reversione0
- Value
- less than 0.05%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“exposing the ammonia-treated corn to HCl (pH = 2.0 at 37 degrees C for 2 h) to simulate stomach acidity. The results showed no significant reversion of aflatoxin (reversibility less than 0.05%)”
Claim · model-written summary
Moisture level and holding temperature influenced ammoniation efficacy in corn.
- Taxon
- cornZea mays subsp. mayst0
- Treatment
- ammoniatione0
- Outcome
- efficacy of aflatoxin decontaminatione0
- Qualifier
- moisture level of the product and holding temperaturee0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the moisture level of the product and holding temperature were the crucial factors that influenced the efficacy of aflatoxin decontamination by ammoniation”
t0“corn”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors suggest high-temperature aqueous ammonium hydroxide or gaseous ammonia for reducing AFB1 in corn.
- Taxon
- cornZea mays subsp. mayse0
- Treatment
- aqueous NH4OH or gaseous NH3e0
- Outcome
- reduce AFB1 in corne0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“at high temperature aqueous NH4OH or gaseous NH3 can be used effectively to reduce AFB1 in corn”
The same questions in other papers
ammonium hydroxide · disease · Zea mays (maize)Results agree
1 paper in the same direction as this paper
- positive
ph · disease · Zea mays (maize)Positive and negative results
1 paper in the same direction as this paper · 5 in the opposite direction
- negative
- negative
- negative
3 papers more in this group
See all 7 papers →heat · disease · Zea mays (maize)Positive and negative results
5 papers in the same direction as this paper · 6 in the opposite direction
- negative
- negative
- negative
8 papers more in this group
See all 12 papers →Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.