Abstract
The effect of manure application and host plant spacing on the infestation level and damage of Thrips tabaci in onion were investigated under field conditions and in cage experiments. Manure applications before and at transplanting were used in a factorial combination with three levels of plant spacing as treatments. Plots with no manure application were included as controls. In field experiments, significantly fewer number of adults and nymphs of T. tabaci per plant were recorded in plants grown in soil with manure applied before transplanting at a rate of 20 t/ha. Plants grown without manure application harboured significantly higher numbers of T. tabaci at 45 days after transplanting and late growth stages. Plots that received manure application before transplanting (20 t/ha) with 20 × 30 cm and 20 × 25 cm spacing showed markedly reduced mean thrips counts per plant, and had significantly higher leaf size compared to those transplanted with manure application (20 t/ha) and at 20 × 30 cm plant spacing. The extent of damage incurred on onion plants by natural infestation of T. tabaci was mostly mild at 15 and 30 days after transplanting and intermediate damage was recorded on plants at 45 days and late growth stages. On the other hand, plants in plots without manure application and 20 × 20 cm and 20 × 25 cm spacing showed markedly reduced leaf size and had intermediate damage at 15 and 30 days after transplanting and sustained severe attack as the crop matures. In cage experiments, significantly lower mean number of larvae and adults were recorded from pots with manure application before transplanting followed by at transplanting manure application as compared to plots with no manure application. This study illustrated that optimum organic manure application at the appropriate time had an effect on the infestation level of onion thrips. Therefore, manure application three months before transplanting was found to be the critical period for optimum plant growth and had the lowest onion thrips infestation.
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Claims 13
Claim · model-written summary
Pretransplant manure at 20 t/ha significantly reduced adult and nymph thrips per plant.
- Taxon
- Onion
Allium cepat0 - Treatment
- manure applied before transplanting at a rate of 20 t/hae0
- Interactor
- T. tabaci
Thrips tabacie0pest - Outcome
- adults and nymphs of T. tabaci per plante0
- Direction
- fewere0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“significantly fewer number of adults and nymphs of T. tabaci per plant were recorded in plants grown in soil with manure applied before transplanting at a rate of 20 t/ha.”
t0“Onion (Allium cepa)”
Claim · model-written summary
Without manure, plants harboured significantly more thrips at 45 days and later stages.
- Taxon
- OnionAllium cepat0
- Organ / stage
- 45 days after transplanting and late growth stagese0
- Treatment
- without manure applicatione0
- Interactor
- T. tabaciThrips tabacie0pest
- Outcome
- numbers of T. tabacie0
- Direction
- highere0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Plants grown without manure application harboured significantly higher numbers of T. tabaci at 45 days after transplanting and late growth stages.”
t0“Onion (Allium cepa)”
Claim · model-written summary
Pretransplant manure with 20 × 30 cm spacing reduced mean thrips counts.
- Taxon
- OnionAllium cepat0
- Treatment
- manure application before transplanting (20 t/ha) with 20 × 30 cme0
- Outcome
- mean thrips counts per plante0
- Direction
- reducede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“manure application before transplanting (20 t/ha) with 20 × 30 cm and 20 × 25 cm spacing showed markedly reduced mean thrips counts per plant”
t0“Onion (Allium cepa)”
Claim · model-written summary
Pretransplant manure with 20 × 25 cm spacing reduced mean thrips counts.
- Taxon
- OnionAllium cepat0
- Treatment
- 20 × 25 cm spacinge0
- Outcome
- mean thrips counts per plante0
- Direction
- reducede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“manure application before transplanting (20 t/ha) with 20 × 30 cm and 20 × 25 cm spacing showed markedly reduced mean thrips counts per plant”
t0“Onion (Allium cepa)”
Claim · model-written summary
The same manure and spacing plots had significantly larger leaves.
- Taxon
- OnionAllium cepat0
- Treatment
- manure application (20 t/ha)e0
- Outcome
- leaf sizee0
- Direction
- highere0
- Comparator
- those transplanted with manure application (20 t/ha) and at 20 × 30 cm plant spacinge0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“had significantly higher leaf size compared to those transplanted with manure application (20 t/ha) and at 20 × 30 cm plant spacing.”
t0“Onion (Allium cepa)”
Claim · model-written summary
Natural thrips infestation caused mostly mild onion damage at 15 and 30 days.
- Taxon
- onionAllium cepae0
- Organ / stage
- 15 and 30 days after transplantinge0
- Interactor
- T. tabaciThrips tabacie0pest
- Outcome
- damage incurred on onion plantse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“damage incurred on onion plants by natural infestation of T. tabaci was mostly mild at 15 and 30 days after transplanting”
Claim · model-written summary
Thrips damage was intermediate at 45 days and late growth stages.
- Taxon
- OnionAllium cepat0
- Organ / stage
- 45 days and late growth stagese0
- Interactor
- Thrips tabaciThrips tabacit1pest
- Outcome
- intermediate damagee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“intermediate damage was recorded on plants at 45 days and late growth stages.”
t0“Onion (Allium cepa)”
t1“Thrips tabaci”
Claim · model-written summary
Without manure at 20 × 20 cm spacing, plants had reduced leaf size.
- Taxon
- OnionAllium cepat0
- Treatment
- without manure application and 20 × 20 cme0
- Outcome
- leaf sizee0
- Direction
- reducede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“plants in plots without manure application and 20 × 20 cm and 20 × 25 cm spacing showed markedly reduced leaf size”
t0“Onion (Allium cepa)”
Claim · model-written summary
Without manure at 20 × 25 cm spacing, plants had reduced leaf size.
- Taxon
- OnionAllium cepat0
- Treatment
- 20 × 25 cm spacinge0
- Outcome
- leaf sizee0
- Direction
- reducede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“plants in plots without manure application and 20 × 20 cm and 20 × 25 cm spacing showed markedly reduced leaf size”
t0“Onion (Allium cepa)”
Claim · model-written summary
Without manure at those spacings, thrips damage progressed from intermediate to severe.
- Taxon
- OnionAllium cepat0
- Interactor
- Thrips tabaciThrips tabacit1pest
- Outcome
- intermediate damage at 15 and 30 days after transplanting and sustained severe attack as the crop maturese0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“had intermediate damage at 15 and 30 days after transplanting and sustained severe attack as the crop matures.”
t0“Onion (Allium cepa)”
t1“Thrips tabaci”
Claim · model-written summary
Cage plants given pretransplant manure had fewer thrips larvae and adults than controls.
- Taxon
- OnionAllium cepat0
- Treatment
- manure application before transplantinge0
- Interactor
- Thrips tabaciThrips tabacit1pest
- Outcome
- mean number of larvae and adultse0
- Direction
- lowere0
- Comparator
- plots with no manure applicatione0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“significantly lower mean number of larvae and adults were recorded from pots with manure application before transplanting followed by at transplanting manure application as compared to plots with no manure application.”
t0“Onion (Allium cepa)”
t1“Thrips tabaci”
Claim · model-written summary
Cage plants given manure at transplanting had fewer thrips larvae and adults than controls.
- Taxon
- OnionAllium cepat0
- Treatment
- at transplanting manure applicatione0
- Interactor
- Thrips tabaciThrips tabacit1pest
- Outcome
- mean number of larvae and adultse0
- Direction
- lowere0
- Comparator
- plots with no manure applicatione0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“significantly lower mean number of larvae and adults were recorded from pots with manure application before transplanting followed by at transplanting manure application as compared to plots with no manure application.”
t0“Onion (Allium cepa)”
t1“Thrips tabaci”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors identified manure application three months before transplanting as the critical timing for growth and lowest thrips infestation.
- Taxon
- onionAllium cepae0
- Outcome
- manure application three months before transplantinge0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“manure application three months before transplanting was found to be the critical period for optimum plant growth and had the lowest onion thrips infestation.”
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Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.