Abstract
The influence of undersowing on the establishment of broad red clover and Italian rye-grass was investigated under three managements and two levels of nitrogen applied in spring. The following conclusions are drawn: 1. The cereal cover crop reduced the aggressiveness of Italian rye-grass towards red clover. 2. The cereal cover crop produced a high initial yield of dry matter and crude protein. In midseason, when keep from maiden seeds is important, the highest yield was obtained in the absence of the cereal cover crop. 3. The danger of failure in the take of undersown herbage seeds is increased when soil moisture is very low. 4. Total dry-matter yield in the seeding year was increased by using a cover crop, but starch-equivalent yield was not greatly affected. Crude-protein production was increased when the cover crop was cut for silage or frequently grazed, but not when a grain crop was harvested. 5. Undersowing Italian rye-grass and clover gave a higher yield of dry matter, starch equivalent and crude protein than sowing the herbage after the cereal was harvested. 6. The cover crop depressed weed growth, and ‘Nitro-Chalk’ increased it, except where Italian rye-grass was undersown. 7. The application of ‘Nitro-Chalk’ increased the yield of dry matter, particularly early in the seeding year. ‘Nitro-Chalk’ encouraged the growth of Italian rye-grass and oats but depressed the clover. This reduction in legume yield was least when defoliation was frequent. The influence of nitrogen on plant growth was especially noticeable when soil moisture was low and a cover crop used.
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Claims 17
Claim · model-written summary
Cereal cover reduced Italian rye-grass competition against red clover.
- Taxon
- red clover
Trifolium pratensee0 - Treatment
- cereal cover crope0
- Interactor
- Italian rye-grass
Lolium multiflorume0weed - Outcome
- aggressiveness of Italian rye-grasse0
- Direction
- reducede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The cereal cover crop reduced the aggressiveness of Italian rye-grass towards red clover.”
Claim · model-written summary
Cereal cover produced high initial dry matter and crude protein yield.
Not reportedTaxon
Verbatim
e0“The cereal cover crop produced a high initial yield of dry matter and crude protein.”
Claim · model-written summary
Midseason yield was highest without cereal cover.
Not reportedTaxonComparator
Verbatim
e0“In midseason, when keep from maiden seeds is important, the highest yield was obtained in the absence of the cereal cover crop.”
Claim · model-written summary
Low soil moisture increased failure of undersown herbage establishment.
- Outcome
- danger of failure in the take of undersown herbage seedse0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Setting
- soil moisture is very lowe0
Not reportedTaxon
Verbatim
e0“The danger of failure in the take of undersown herbage seeds is increased when soil moisture is very low.”
Claim · model-written summary
Cover cropping increased total seeding-year dry matter yield.
Not reportedTaxonComparator
Verbatim
e0“Total dry-matter yield in the seeding year was increased by using a cover crop, but starch-equivalent yield was not greatly affected.”
Claim · model-written summary
Cover cropping did not greatly affect starch-equivalent yield.
Not reportedTaxonComparator
Verbatim
e0“Total dry-matter yield in the seeding year was increased by using a cover crop, but starch-equivalent yield was not greatly affected.”
Claim · model-written summary
Cutting the cover crop for silage increased crude protein production.
- Treatment
- cover crop was cut for silagee0
- Outcome
- Crude-protein productione0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Comparator
- grain crop was harvestede0
Not reportedTaxon
Verbatim
e0“Crude-protein production was increased when the cover crop was cut for silage or frequently grazed, but not when a grain crop was harvested.”
Claim · model-written summary
Frequent grazing of the cover crop increased crude protein production.
- Treatment
- frequently grazede0
- Outcome
- Crude-protein productione0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Comparator
- grain crop was harvestede0
Not reportedTaxon
Verbatim
e0“Crude-protein production was increased when the cover crop was cut for silage or frequently grazed, but not when a grain crop was harvested.”
Claim · model-written summary
Undersowing rye-grass and clover improved three yield measures over sowing after cereal harvest.
- Taxon
- Italian rye-grass and clover
TrifoliumLolium multiflorume0 - Treatment
- Undersowing Italian rye-grass and clovere0
- Outcome
- yield of dry matter, starch equivalent and crude proteine0
- Direction
- highere0
- Comparator
- sowing the herbage after the cereal was harvestede0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Undersowing Italian rye-grass and clover gave a higher yield of dry matter, starch equivalent and crude protein than sowing the herbage after the cereal was harvested.”
Claim · model-written summary
Cover crop suppressed weed growth.
Not reportedTaxonComparator
Verbatim
e0“The cover crop depressed weed growth, and ‘Nitro-Chalk’ increased it, except where Italian rye-grass was undersown.”
Claim · model-written summary
Nitro-Chalk increased weed growth except with undersown rye-grass.
- Treatment
- ‘Nitro-Chalk’e0
- Interactor
- weede0weed
- Outcome
- weed growthe0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Qualifier
- except where Italian rye-grass was undersowne0
Not reportedTaxonComparator
Verbatim
e0“The cover crop depressed weed growth, and ‘Nitro-Chalk’ increased it, except where Italian rye-grass was undersown.”
Claim · model-written summary
Nitro-Chalk increased dry matter yield, especially early.
- Treatment
- ‘Nitro-Chalk’e0
- Outcome
- yield of dry mattere0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Qualifier
- particularly early in the seeding yeare0
Not reportedTaxonComparator
Verbatim
e0“The application of ‘Nitro-Chalk’ increased the yield of dry matter, particularly early in the seeding year.”
Claim · model-written summary
Nitro-Chalk encouraged Italian rye-grass growth.
- Taxon
- Italian rye-grassLolium multiflorume0
- Treatment
- ‘Nitro-Chalk’e0
- Outcome
- growth of Italian rye-grasse0
- Direction
- encouragede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“‘Nitro-Chalk’ encouraged the growth of Italian rye-grass and oats but depressed the clover.”
Claim · model-written summary
Nitro-Chalk encouraged oats growth.
- Taxon
- oats
Avena sativae0 - Treatment
- ‘Nitro-Chalk’e0
- Outcome
- growth of Italian rye-grass and oatse0
- Direction
- encouragede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“‘Nitro-Chalk’ encouraged the growth of Italian rye-grass and oats but depressed the clover.”
Claim · model-written summary
Nitro-Chalk depressed clover growth.
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“‘Nitro-Chalk’ encouraged the growth of Italian rye-grass and oats but depressed the clover.”
Claim · model-written summary
Frequent defoliation minimized the reduction in legume yield.
Verbatim
e0“This reduction in legume yield was least when defoliation was frequent.”
Claim · model-written summary
Nitrogen affected plant growth especially under low moisture and cover cropping.
Not reportedTaxonDirection
Verbatim
e0“The influence of nitrogen on plant growth was especially noticeable when soil moisture was low and a cover crop used.”
The same questions in other papers
calcium ammonium nitrate · growth · Avena sativa (oats)Positive and negative results
1 in the opposite direction
- no effect
Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.