Abstract
Abstract The effect of excess copper (Cu) on young spinach (Spinacia oleraced) as well as the role of iron (Fe) for amelioration of toxicity on growth and photosynthesis in Cu‐treated plants was evaluated. Plants treated with 160 μM Cu showed symptoms of heavy metal toxicity, while addition of Fe (40 μM) ameliorates to a certain extent toxic effects of Cu, due to antagonistic action between Cu and Fe. Root length and biomass revealed a lower decrease under Cu+Fe than under Cu treatment. Copper accumulation in plant tissues increased, while Fe, sodium (Na), potassium (K), calcium (Ca), and magnesium (Mg) declined under Cu treatment. The significant increase in chlorophyll fluorescence (Fo) under 160 μM Cu, possibly reflects the more severe damages suffered at the membrane level with respect to Cu+Fe treatment. Copper decreased the efficiency of excitation energy capture by PSH reaction centers and negatively affected the effective antenna size of PSH. Changes in the rate of carbon dioxide (CO2) assimilation were associated with changes in both stomatal conductance (gs) and mesophyll capacity for photochemistry as well as with lower pigment content. Net CO2 assimilation, transpiration rate, and stomatal conductance were reduced. These changes at PSII are characteristic of a saturation of photosynthetic metabolic activity. The results suggest a tight linkage between PSII activity and CO2 fixation under Cu treatment. Amelioration of Cu toxicity was obvious under Fe application.
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Claims 8
Claim · model-written summary
Iron addition ameliorated the toxic effects of copper on spinach.
- Taxon
- Spinach
Spinacia oleraceat0 - Treatment
- Fe (40 μM)e1
- Outcome
- toxic effects of Cue1
- Direction
- amelioratese1
- Comparator
- 160 μM Cue1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“Plants treated with 160 μM Cu showed symptoms of heavy metal toxicity, while addition of Fe (40 μM) ameliorates to a certain extent toxic effects of Cu, due to antagonistic action between Cu and Fe.”
t0“Spinach”
Claim · model-written summary
Root length and biomass declined less with copper plus iron than with copper alone.
- Taxon
- SpinachSpinacia oleraceat0
- Treatment
- Cu+Fee1
- Outcome
- Root length and biomasse1
- Direction
- lower decreasee1
- Comparator
- Cu treatmente1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“Root length and biomass revealed a lower decrease under Cu+Fe than under Cu treatment.”
t0“Spinach”
Claim · model-written summary
Copper accumulation increased under copper treatment.
- Taxon
- SpinachSpinacia oleraceat0
- Treatment
- Cu treatmente1
- Outcome
- Copper accumulation in plant tissuese1
- Direction
- increasede1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“Copper accumulation in plant tissues increased, while Fe, sodium (Na), potassium (K), calcium (Ca), and magnesium (Mg) declined under Cu treatment.”
t0“Spinach”
Claim · model-written summary
Iron, sodium, potassium, calcium and magnesium declined under copper treatment.
- Taxon
- SpinachSpinacia oleraceat0
- Treatment
- Cu treatmente1
- Outcome
- Fe, sodium (Na), potassium (K), calcium (Ca), and magnesium (Mg)e1
- Direction
- declinede1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“Fe, sodium (Na), potassium (K), calcium (Ca), and magnesium (Mg) declined under Cu treatment.”
t0“Spinach”
Claim · model-written summary
Chlorophyll fluorescence Fo increased significantly under copper treatment.
- Taxon
- SpinachSpinacia oleraceat0
- Treatment
- 160 μM Cue1
- Outcome
- chlorophyll fluorescence (Fo)e1
- Direction
- increasee1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“The significant increase in chlorophyll fluorescence (Fo) under 160 μM Cu, possibly reflects the more severe damages suffered at the membrane level with respect to Cu+Fe treatment.”
t0“Spinach”
Claim · model-written summary
Copper reduced excitation energy capture efficiency at PSH reaction centers.
- Taxon
- SpinachSpinacia oleraceat0
- Treatment
- Coppere1
- Outcome
- efficiency of excitation energy capture by PSH reaction centerse1
- Direction
- decreasede1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“Copper decreased the efficiency of excitation energy capture by PSH reaction centers and negatively affected the effective antenna size of PSH.”
t0“Spinach”
Claim · model-written summary
Copper negatively affected effective PSH antenna size.
- Taxon
- SpinachSpinacia oleraceat0
- Treatment
- Coppere1
- Outcome
- effective antenna size of PSHe1
- Direction
- negatively affectede1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“Copper decreased the efficiency of excitation energy capture by PSH reaction centers and negatively affected the effective antenna size of PSH.”
t0“Spinach”
Claim · model-written summary
Net carbon dioxide assimilation, transpiration and stomatal conductance were reduced.
- Taxon
- SpinachSpinacia oleraceat0
- Outcome
- Net CO2 assimilation, transpiration rate, and stomatal conductancee1
- Direction
- reducede1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“Net CO2 assimilation, transpiration rate, and stomatal conductance were reduced.”
t0“Spinach”
The same questions in other papers
iron atom · nutrient: content · Spinacia oleracea (spinach)Results agree
10 papers in the same direction as this paper
- positive
- positive
- positive
7 papers more in this group
See all 11 papers →Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.