Paper · 1963 · New Zealand Journal of Botany

Part 4. Composition of the Beech‐Podocarp Forest

G. T. S. Baylis; A. F. Mark

20
claims
28
verbatim quotes
15
citations
2
research areas
—
Not open access

Abstract

Summary Unmodified beech‐podocarp forest was sampled by the quarter method near sea level and at an elevation of 1,000–1,300 ft. These samples indicated that: there were about 250 trees per acre near sea level and 400 trees per acre at 1,000–1,300 ft. about half the total tree population was kamahi ( Weinmannia racemosa ). adult podocarps approximately equalled adult beeches in numbers at both altitudes. totara ( Podocarpus ballii ) was the least important of the adult podocarps near sea level, but replaced rimu ( Dacrydium cupressinum ) substantially and miro ( Podocarpus ferrugineus ) completely at 1,000–1,300 ft. at both altitudes two‐thirds or more of the adult beech trees were mountain beech ( Nothofagus solandri var. cliffortioides ) and the remainder were silver beech ( N. menziesii ). rata ( Metrosideros umbellata ) was rare near sea level and less important than either beeches or podocarps at 1,000–1,300 ft. totara was smaller in diameter at 1,000–1,300 ft than near sea level but silver beech and kamahi were larger. at both elevations there were over 500 young trees (exceeding 3 ft high but below 4 in. d.b.h.) per acre. Excluding kamahi these were predominantly podocarps near sea level but predominantly beeches at 1,000–1,300 ft. there were approximately 3,250 shrubs per acre near sea level and 4,500 at 1,000–1,300 ft. Coprosma spp. predominated, with araliads next in importance. It appears that podocarps may be gaining some ground from beeches near sea level but that a reverse tendency may operate above 1,000 ft. It also appears that silver beech may be an increasing species throughout, its gains at lower levels being at the expense of mountain beech.

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Claims 20

Observationobservedoriginal resultmeasured

Claim · model-written summary

Tree density was about 250 trees per acre near sea level.

Taxon
treese0
Outcome
trees per acree0
Value
250 trees per acree0
Setting
near sea levele0

Verbatim

e0

“there were about 250 trees per acre near sea level”

✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 159–209 · show in text ↑
Observationobservedoriginal resultmeasured

Claim · model-written summary

Tree density was 400 trees per acre at 1,000–1,300 ft.

Taxon
treese0
Outcome
trees per acree0
Value
400 trees per acree0
Setting
1,000–1,300 fte0

Verbatim

e0

“400 trees per acre at 1,000–1,300 ft”

✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 214–250 · show in text ↑
Observationobservedoriginal resultmeasured

Claim · model-written summary

Kamahi made up about half the total tree population.

Taxon
kamahi ( Weinmannia racemosa )Pterophylla racemosae0
Outcome
total tree populatione0
Value
about halfe0

Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.

Pterophylla racemosa
Pterophylla racemosa · TaxonKahuroa · Public domain · Wikimedia Commons ↗

Verbatim

e0

“about half the total tree population was kamahi ( Weinmannia racemosa )”

✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 252–323 · show in text ↑
Observationobservedoriginal resultmeasured

Claim · model-written summary

Adult podocarps approximately equalled adult beeches at both altitudes.

Taxon
adult podocarpse0
Outcome
numberse0
Direction
approximately equallede0
Comparator
adult beechese0
Setting
both altitudese0

Verbatim

e0

“adult podocarps approximately equalled adult beeches in numbers at both altitudes”

✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 325–406 · show in text ↑
Observationobservedoriginal resultmeasured

Claim · model-written summary

Totara was the least important adult podocarp near sea level.

Taxon
totara ( Podocarpus ballii )e0
Outcome
least importante0
Setting
near sea levele0

Verbatim

e0

“totara ( Podocarpus ballii ) was the least important of the adult podocarps near sea level”

✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 408–498 · show in text ↑
Observationobservedoriginal resultmeasured

Claim · model-written summary

At 1,000–1,300 ft, totara substantially replaced rimu.

Taxon
totara ( Podocarpus ballii )e1
Outcome
replaced rimu ( Dacrydium cupressinum ) substantiallye0
Setting
1,000–1,300 fte0

Verbatim

e0

“replaced rimu ( Dacrydium cupressinum ) substantially and miro ( Podocarpus ferrugineus ) completely at 1,000–1,300 ft”

✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 504–622 · show in text ↑
e1

“totara ( Podocarpus ballii ) was the least important of the adult podocarps near sea level”

✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 408–498 · show in text ↑
Observationobservedoriginal resultmeasured

Claim · model-written summary

At 1,000–1,300 ft, totara completely replaced miro.

Taxon
totara ( Podocarpus ballii )e1
Outcome
miro ( Podocarpus ferrugineus ) completelye0
Setting
1,000–1,300 fte0

Verbatim

e0

“replaced rimu ( Dacrydium cupressinum ) substantially and miro ( Podocarpus ferrugineus ) completely at 1,000–1,300 ft”

✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 504–622 · show in text ↑
e1

“totara ( Podocarpus ballii ) was the least important of the adult podocarps near sea level”

✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 408–498 · show in text ↑
Observationobservedoriginal resultmeasured

Claim · model-written summary

Mountain beech constituted at least two-thirds of adult beech trees at both altitudes.

Taxon
mountain beech ( Nothofagus solandri var. cliffortioides )Nothofagus cliffortioidese0
Outcome
adult beech treese0
Value
two‐thirds or moree0
Setting
both altitudese0

Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.

Nothofagus cliffortioides
Nothofagus cliffortioides · TaxonKrzysztof Ziarnek, Kenraiz · CC BY 4.0 · Wikimedia Commons ↗

Verbatim

e0

“at both altitudes two‐thirds or more of the adult beech trees were mountain beech ( Nothofagus solandri var. cliffortioides )”

✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 624–749 · show in text ↑
Observationobservedoriginal resultmeasured

Claim · model-written summary

The remainder of adult beech trees were silver beech.

Taxon
silver beech ( N. menziesii )Nothofagus menziesiie0
Outcome
the remaindere0
Setting
both altitudese1

Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.

Nothofagus menziesii
Nothofagus menziesii · TaxonMaungatautari Ecological Island Trust · Public domain · Wikimedia Commons ↗

Verbatim

e0

“the remainder were silver beech ( N. menziesii )”

✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 754–802 · show in text ↑
e1

“at both altitudes two‐thirds or more of the adult beech trees were mountain beech ( Nothofagus solandri var. cliffortioides )”

✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 624–749 · show in text ↑
Observationobservedoriginal resultmeasured

Claim · model-written summary

Rata was rare near sea level.

Taxon
rata ( Metrosideros umbellata )Metrosideros umbellatae0
Outcome
raree0
Setting
near sea levele0

Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.

Metrosideros umbellata
Metrosideros umbellata · TaxonGraham Rabbitts · CC BY 2.0 · Wikimedia Commons ↗

Verbatim

e0

“rata ( Metrosideros umbellata ) was rare near sea level”

✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 804–859 · show in text ↑
Observationobservedoriginal resultmeasured

Claim · model-written summary

Rata was less important than beeches or podocarps at 1,000–1,300 ft.

Taxon
rata ( Metrosideros umbellata )Metrosideros umbellatae1
Outcome
less importante0
Comparator
beeches or podocarpse0
Setting
1,000–1,300 fte0

Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.

Metrosideros umbellata
Metrosideros umbellata · TaxonGraham Rabbitts · CC BY 2.0 · Wikimedia Commons ↗

Verbatim

e0

“less important than either beeches or podocarps at 1,000–1,300 ft”

✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 864–929 · show in text ↑
e1

“rata ( Metrosideros umbellata ) was rare near sea level”

✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 804–859 · show in text ↑
Observationobservedoriginal resultmeasured

Claim · model-written summary

Totara was smaller in diameter at 1,000–1,300 ft than near sea level.

Taxon
totarae0
Outcome
diametere0
Direction
smallere0
Comparator
near sea levele0
Setting
1,000–1,300 fte0

Verbatim

e0

“totara was smaller in diameter at 1,000–1,300 ft than near sea level”

✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 931–999 · show in text ↑
Observationobservedoriginal resultmeasured

Claim · model-written summary

Silver beech and kamahi were larger in diameter at 1,000–1,300 ft than near sea level.

Taxon
silver beeche0
Outcome
largere0
Direction
largere0
Qualifier
kamahie0
Comparator
near sea levele1
Setting
1,000–1,300 fte1

Verbatim

e0

“silver beech and kamahi were larger”

✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 1004–1039 · show in text ↑
e1

“totara was smaller in diameter at 1,000–1,300 ft than near sea level”

✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 931–999 · show in text ↑
Observationobservedoriginal resultmeasured

Claim · model-written summary

At both elevations there were over 500 young trees per acre.

Taxon
young treese0
Outcome
young treese0
Value
over 500e0
Qualifier
exceeding 3 ft high but below 4 in. d.b.h.e0
Setting
both elevationse0

Verbatim

e0

“at both elevations there were over 500 young trees (exceeding 3 ft high but below 4 in. d.b.h.) per acre”

✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 1041–1145 · show in text ↑
Observationobservedoriginal resultmeasured

Claim · model-written summary

Excluding kamahi, young trees were predominantly podocarps near sea level.

Taxon
podocarpse0
Outcome
predominantly podocarpse0
Qualifier
Excluding kamahie0
Setting
near sea levele0

Verbatim

e0

“Excluding kamahi these were predominantly podocarps near sea level”

✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 1147–1213 · show in text ↑
Observationobservedoriginal resultmeasured

Claim · model-written summary

Excluding kamahi, young trees were predominantly beeches at 1,000–1,300 ft.

Taxon
beechese0
Outcome
predominantly beechese0
Qualifier
Excluding kamahie1
Setting
1,000–1,300 fte0

Verbatim

e0

“but predominantly beeches at 1,000–1,300 ft”

✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 1214–1257 · show in text ↑
e1

“Excluding kamahi these were predominantly podocarps near sea level”

✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 1147–1213 · show in text ↑
Observationobservedoriginal resultmeasured

Claim · model-written summary

There were approximately 3,250 shrubs per acre near sea level.

Taxon
shrubse0
Outcome
shrubs per acree0
Value
3,250 shrubs per acree0
Setting
near sea levele0

Verbatim

e0

“there were approximately 3,250 shrubs per acre near sea level”

✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 1259–1320 · show in text ↑
Observationobservedoriginal resultmeasured

Claim · model-written summary

There were 4,500 shrubs per acre at 1,000–1,300 ft.

Taxon
shrubse1
Outcome
shrubs per acree1
Value
4,500e0
Setting
1,000–1,300 fte0

Verbatim

e0

“4,500 at 1,000–1,300 ft”

✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 1325–1348 · show in text ↑
e1

“there were approximately 3,250 shrubs per acre near sea level”

✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 1259–1320 · show in text ↑
Observationobservedoriginal resultmeasured

Claim · model-written summary

Coprosma spp. predominated among shrubs, with araliads next.

Taxon
Coprosma spp.Coprosmae0
Outcome
predominatede0
Qualifier
araliads next in importancee0

Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.

Coprosma
Coprosma · Taxon · picture of the genus (one of its species)Rudolph89 · CC0 · Wikimedia Commons ↗

Verbatim

e0

“Coprosma spp. predominated, with araliads next in importance.”

✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 1350–1411 · show in text ↑
Observationauthor interpretationoriginal resultmeasured

Claim · model-written summary

The authors inferred opposing podocarp–beech trends by elevation and increasing silver beech.

Taxon
podocarpse0
Outcome
gaining some ground from beeches near sea levele0
Qualifier
silver beech may be an increasing species throughoute1

Verbatim

e0

“It appears that podocarps may be gaining some ground from beeches near sea level but that a reverse tendency may operate above 1,000 ft.”

✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 1412–1548 · show in text ↑
e1

“It also appears that silver beech may be an increasing species throughout, its gains at lower levels being at the expense of mountain beech.”

✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 1549–1689 · show in text ↑