Abstract
ABSTRACT The objective of the experiment was to examine the effect of postharvest sprays of boron (B) and urea on apple tree yield and fruit quality. The study was conducted during 2002–2003 at a commercial orchard in central Poland on mature ‘Jonagold’ apple trees/M.26 planted on a sandy loam soil with low B status. All experimental trees received soil-applied nitrogen (N) at a rate of 50 kg ha−1 at bud break. The following spray treatments were performed: (1) postharvest B spray three to four weeks before leaf abscission at a rate of 1.2 kg ha−1; (2) postharvest urea-N spray at the same time as B spraying at a rate of 18.4 kg ha−1; and (3) combined B spray with urea at the same time and at the same rates as in the combination of treatments (1) and (2). Trees not sprayed with B and urea served as a control. The results showed that all spray treatments damaged leaves, but only postharvest urea spray and combined B spray with urea caused defoliation. Postharvest B spray with/without urea improved flower B status, fruit set, and tree yield. However, the efficiency of combined B spray with urea in improving reproductive growth was lower than that of foliar B application without the addition of urea. Postharvest sprays of B and urea had no effect o n blushing, flesh firmness, or soluble solids concentration of apple fruit. These results indicated that under B-deficiency conditions, postharvest B sprays are successful in improving reproductive growth and should be recommended without the addition of urea. It is suggested that combined B sprays with urea may be applied in the autumn to apple trees with limited soil B and N availability.
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Claims 12
Claim · model-written summary
All postharvest spray treatments damaged apple leaves.
- Taxon
- apple trees
Malus domesticae0 - Treatment
- all spray treatmentse1
- Outcome
- leavese1
- Direction
- damagede1
- Comparator
- Trees not sprayed with B and ureae2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“‘Jonagold’ apple trees/M.26”
e1“all spray treatments damaged leaves”
e2“Trees not sprayed with B and urea served as a control.”
Claim · model-written summary
Postharvest urea spray caused defoliation.
- Taxon
- apple treesMalus domesticae0
- Treatment
- postharvest urea spraye1
- Outcome
- defoliatione1
- Comparator
- Trees not sprayed with B and ureae2
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“‘Jonagold’ apple trees/M.26”
e1“only postharvest urea spray and combined B spray with urea caused defoliation”
e2“Trees not sprayed with B and urea served as a control.”
Claim · model-written summary
Combined boron and urea spray caused defoliation.
- Taxon
- apple treesMalus domesticae0
- Treatment
- combined B spray with ureae1
- Outcome
- defoliatione1
- Comparator
- Trees not sprayed with B and ureae2
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“‘Jonagold’ apple trees/M.26”
e1“combined B spray with urea caused defoliation”
e2“Trees not sprayed with B and urea served as a control.”
Claim · model-written summary
Postharvest boron spray, with or without urea, improved flower boron status.
- Taxon
- apple treesMalus domesticae0
- Treatment
- Postharvest B spray with/without ureae1
- Outcome
- flower B statuse1
- Direction
- improvede1
- Comparator
- Trees not sprayed with B and ureae2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“‘Jonagold’ apple trees/M.26”
e1“Postharvest B spray with/without urea improved flower B status, fruit set, and tree yield.”
e2“Trees not sprayed with B and urea served as a control.”
Claim · model-written summary
Postharvest boron spray without urea improved fruit set.
- Taxon
- apple treesMalus domesticae0
- Treatment
- Postharvest B spraye1
- Outcome
- fruit sete1
- Direction
- improvede1
- Comparator
- Trees not sprayed with B and ureae2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“‘Jonagold’ apple trees/M.26”
e1“Postharvest B spray with/without urea improved flower B status, fruit set, and tree yield.”
e2“Trees not sprayed with B and urea served as a control.”
Claim · model-written summary
Postharvest boron spray with urea improved fruit set.
- Taxon
- apple treesMalus domesticae0
- Treatment
- Postharvest B spray with/without ureae1
- Outcome
- fruit sete1
- Direction
- improvede1
- Comparator
- Trees not sprayed with B and ureae2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“‘Jonagold’ apple trees/M.26”
e1“Postharvest B spray with/without urea improved flower B status, fruit set, and tree yield.”
e2“Trees not sprayed with B and urea served as a control.”
Claim · model-written summary
Postharvest boron spray without urea improved tree yield.
- Taxon
- apple treesMalus domesticae0
- Treatment
- Postharvest B spraye1
- Outcome
- tree yielde1
- Direction
- improvede1
- Comparator
- Trees not sprayed with B and ureae2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“‘Jonagold’ apple trees/M.26”
e1“Postharvest B spray with/without urea improved flower B status, fruit set, and tree yield.”
e2“Trees not sprayed with B and urea served as a control.”
Claim · model-written summary
Postharvest boron spray with urea improved tree yield.
- Taxon
- apple treesMalus domesticae0
- Treatment
- Postharvest B spray with/without ureae1
- Outcome
- tree yielde1
- Direction
- improvede1
- Comparator
- Trees not sprayed with B and ureae2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“‘Jonagold’ apple trees/M.26”
e1“Postharvest B spray with/without urea improved flower B status, fruit set, and tree yield.”
e2“Trees not sprayed with B and urea served as a control.”
Claim · model-written summary
Combined boron and urea spray improved reproductive growth less than boron alone.
- Taxon
- apple treesMalus domesticae0
- Treatment
- combined B spray with ureae1
- Outcome
- reproductive growthe1
- Direction
- lowere1
- Comparator
- foliar B application without the addition of ureae1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“‘Jonagold’ apple trees/M.26”
e1“the efficiency of combined B spray with urea in improving reproductive growth was lower than that of foliar B application without the addition of urea.”
Claim · model-written summary
Postharvest boron and urea sprays did not change apple fruit blushing, flesh firmness, or soluble solids concentration.
- Taxon
- appleMalus domesticae0
- Treatment
- Postharvest sprays of B and ureae1
- Outcome
- blushing, flesh firmness, or soluble solids concentratione1
- Direction
- no effecte1
- Comparator
- Trees not sprayed with B and ureae2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“apple fruit”
e1“Postharvest sprays of B and urea had no effect o n blushing, flesh firmness, or soluble solids concentration of apple fruit.”
e2“Trees not sprayed with B and urea served as a control.”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors recommend postharvest boron sprays without urea for apple trees under boron deficiency.
- Taxon
- apple treesMalus domesticae1
- Treatment
- postharvest B sprayse0
- Outcome
- should be recommended without the addition of ureae0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“postharvest B sprays are successful in improving reproductive growth and should be recommended without the addition of urea.”
e1“apple trees with limited soil B and N availability”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors suggest combined boron and urea sprays in autumn for apple trees with limited soil boron and nitrogen.
- Taxon
- apple treesMalus domesticae0
- Treatment
- combined B sprays with ureae0
- Outcome
- may be applied in the autumne0
- Qualifier
- limited soil B and N availabilitye0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“combined B sprays with urea may be applied in the autumn to apple trees with limited soil B and N availability.”
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See all 18 papers →8 of 14 groups shown: named compounds and organisms first, then groups whose results differ (checked claim by claim), then those with positive and negative results, then the smaller groups.
Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.