Abstract
The effects of B and Ca treatments on root growth, nutrient localization and cell wall properties in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) plants with and without Al stress were investigated. Seedlings were grown hydroponically in a complete nutrient solution for 7 d and then treated with B (0, 40 μM), Ca (0, 2,500 μM), and Al (0, 100 μM) in a 500 μM CaCl2 solution for 8 d. The cell wall materials (CWM) were extracted with a phenol: acetic acid: water (2:1:1 w/v/v) solution and used for subsequent pectin extraction with trans-1,2-diami-nocyclohexane-N,N,N,N-tetraacetic acid (CDTA) and Na2CO3 solutions. Boron, Ca, and B + Ca treatments enhanced root growth by 19.5, 15.2, and 27.2%, respectively, compared to the control (pH 4.5). Calcium and B+Ca treatments enhanced root growth with Al stress by 43 and 54%, respectively, while B did not exert any effect. The amounts of CWM and pectin per unit of root fresh weight increased by Al treatment, whereas the Ca and B+Ca treatments slightly reduced the contents of these components. Seventy-four percent of total B, 69% of total Ca, and 85% of total Al were located in the cell wall in the B, Ca, and Al treatments, respectively and 32% of total B, 33% of total Ca, and 33% of total Al were located in the CDTA-soluble and Na2CO3-soluble pectin fractions. A more conspicuous localization of B was observed in the presence of Al. Aluminum treatment markedly decreased the Ca content in the cell wall as well as pectin fractions, mainly in the case of the CDTA-soluble pectin fraction. Boron + Ca treatment decreased the Al content in the cell wall and pectin fractions compared to the Ca treatment alone in the presence of Al. It is concluded that the B+Ca treatment enhanced root growth and, B and Ca uptake, and helped to maintain a normal B and Ca metabolism in the cell walls even in the presence of Al.
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Claims 20
Claim · model-written summary
Boron enhanced wheat root growth versus control by 19.5
- Taxon
- wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)
Triticum aestivumt0 - Treatment
- Borone0
- Outcome
- root growthe0
- Direction
- enhancede0
- Value
- 19.5e0
- Comparator
- the control (pH 4.5)e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Boron, Ca, and B + Ca treatments enhanced root growth by 19.5, 15.2, and 27.2%, respectively, compared to the control (pH 4.5).”
t0“wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) plants”
Claim · model-written summary
Ca enhanced wheat root growth versus control by 15.2
- Taxon
- wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)Triticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- Cae0
- Outcome
- root growthe0
- Direction
- enhancede0
- Value
- 15.2e0
- Comparator
- the control (pH 4.5)e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Boron, Ca, and B + Ca treatments enhanced root growth by 19.5, 15.2, and 27.2%, respectively, compared to the control (pH 4.5).”
t0“wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) plants”
Claim · model-written summary
B + Ca enhanced wheat root growth versus control by 27.2%
- Taxon
- wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)Triticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- B + Cae0
- Outcome
- root growthe0
- Direction
- enhancede0
- Value
- 27.2%e0
- Comparator
- the control (pH 4.5)e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Boron, Ca, and B + Ca treatments enhanced root growth by 19.5, 15.2, and 27.2%, respectively, compared to the control (pH 4.5).”
t0“wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) plants”
Claim · model-written summary
Calcium enhanced wheat root growth under Al stress by 43
- Taxon
- wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)Triticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- Calciume0
- Outcome
- root growthe0
- Direction
- enhancede0
- Value
- 43e0
- Qualifier
- with Al stresse0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Calcium and B+Ca treatments enhanced root growth with Al stress by 43 and 54%, respectively, while B did not exert any effect.”
t0“wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) plants”
Claim · model-written summary
B+Ca enhanced wheat root growth under Al stress by 54%
- Taxon
- wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)Triticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- B+Cae0
- Outcome
- root growthe0
- Direction
- enhancede0
- Value
- 54%e0
- Qualifier
- with Al stresse0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Calcium and B+Ca treatments enhanced root growth with Al stress by 43 and 54%, respectively, while B did not exert any effect.”
t0“wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) plants”
Claim · model-written summary
B had no effect on wheat root growth under Al stress.
- Taxon
- wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)Triticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- Be0
- Outcome
- root growthe0
- Direction
- did not exert any effecte0
- Qualifier
- with Al stresse0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Calcium and B+Ca treatments enhanced root growth with Al stress by 43 and 54%, respectively, while B did not exert any effect.”
t0“wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) plants”
Claim · model-written summary
Al increased root cell wall materials and pectin per unit root fresh weight.
- Taxon
- wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)Triticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- Al treatmente0
- Outcome
- amounts of CWM and pectin per unit of root fresh weighte0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The amounts of CWM and pectin per unit of root fresh weight increased by Al treatment, whereas the Ca and B+Ca treatments slightly reduced the contents of these components.”
t0“wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) plants”
Claim · model-written summary
Ca slightly reduced root cell wall materials and pectin contents.
- Taxon
- wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)Triticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- Cae0
- Outcome
- contents of these componentse0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Qualifier
- slightlye0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The amounts of CWM and pectin per unit of root fresh weight increased by Al treatment, whereas the Ca and B+Ca treatments slightly reduced the contents of these components.”
t0“wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) plants”
Claim · model-written summary
B+Ca slightly reduced root cell wall materials and pectin contents.
- Taxon
- wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)Triticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- B+Ca treatmentse0
- Outcome
- contents of these componentse0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Qualifier
- slightlye0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The amounts of CWM and pectin per unit of root fresh weight increased by Al treatment, whereas the Ca and B+Ca treatments slightly reduced the contents of these components.”
t0“wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) plants”
Claim · model-written summary
Seventy-four percent of total B was in wheat root cell walls under B treatment.
- Taxon
- wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)Triticum aestivumt0
- Organ / stage
- cell walle0
- Treatment
- Be0
- Outcome
- total Be0
- Value
- Seventy-four percente0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Seventy-four percent of total B, 69% of total Ca, and 85% of total Al were located in the cell wall in the B, Ca, and Al treatments, respectively and 32% of total B, 33% of total Ca, and 33% of total Al were located in the CDTA-soluble and Na2CO3-soluble pectin fractions.”
t0“wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) plants”
Claim · model-written summary
69% of total Ca was in wheat root cell walls under Ca treatment.
- Taxon
- wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)Triticum aestivumt0
- Organ / stage
- cell walle0
- Treatment
- Cae0
- Outcome
- total Cae0
- Value
- 69%e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Seventy-four percent of total B, 69% of total Ca, and 85% of total Al were located in the cell wall in the B, Ca, and Al treatments, respectively and 32% of total B, 33% of total Ca, and 33% of total Al were located in the CDTA-soluble and Na2CO3-soluble pectin fractions.”
t0“wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) plants”
Claim · model-written summary
85% of total Al was in wheat root cell walls under Al treatment.
- Taxon
- wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)Triticum aestivumt0
- Organ / stage
- cell walle0
- Treatment
- Ale0
- Outcome
- total Ale0
- Value
- 85%e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Seventy-four percent of total B, 69% of total Ca, and 85% of total Al were located in the cell wall in the B, Ca, and Al treatments, respectively and 32% of total B, 33% of total Ca, and 33% of total Al were located in the CDTA-soluble and Na2CO3-soluble pectin fractions.”
t0“wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) plants”
Claim · model-written summary
32% of total B was in soluble pectin fractions.
- Taxon
- wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)Triticum aestivumt0
- Organ / stage
- CDTA-soluble and Na2CO3-soluble pectin fractionse0
- Outcome
- total Be0
- Value
- 32%e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Seventy-four percent of total B, 69% of total Ca, and 85% of total Al were located in the cell wall in the B, Ca, and Al treatments, respectively and 32% of total B, 33% of total Ca, and 33% of total Al were located in the CDTA-soluble and Na2CO3-soluble pectin fractions.”
t0“wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) plants”
Claim · model-written summary
33% of total Ca was in soluble pectin fractions.
- Taxon
- wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)Triticum aestivumt0
- Organ / stage
- CDTA-soluble and Na2CO3-soluble pectin fractionse0
- Outcome
- total Cae0
- Value
- 33%e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Seventy-four percent of total B, 69% of total Ca, and 85% of total Al were located in the cell wall in the B, Ca, and Al treatments, respectively and 32% of total B, 33% of total Ca, and 33% of total Al were located in the CDTA-soluble and Na2CO3-soluble pectin fractions.”
t0“wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) plants”
Claim · model-written summary
33% of total Al was in soluble pectin fractions.
- Taxon
- wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)Triticum aestivumt0
- Organ / stage
- CDTA-soluble and Na2CO3-soluble pectin fractionse0
- Outcome
- total Ale0
- Value
- 33%e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Seventy-four percent of total B, 69% of total Ca, and 85% of total Al were located in the cell wall in the B, Ca, and Al treatments, respectively and 32% of total B, 33% of total Ca, and 33% of total Al were located in the CDTA-soluble and Na2CO3-soluble pectin fractions.”
t0“wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) plants”
Claim · model-written summary
B localization was more conspicuous in the presence of Al.
- Taxon
- wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)Triticum aestivumt0
- Outcome
- localization of Be0
- Direction
- more conspicuouse0
- Qualifier
- in the presence of Ale0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“A more conspicuous localization of B was observed in the presence of Al.”
t0“wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) plants”
Claim · model-written summary
Aluminum decreased Ca content in cell walls and pectin fractions.
- Taxon
- wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)Triticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- Aluminum treatmente0
- Outcome
- Ca content in the cell wall as well as pectin fractionse0
- Direction
- decreasede0
- Qualifier
- mainly in the case of the CDTA-soluble pectin fractione0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Aluminum treatment markedly decreased the Ca content in the cell wall as well as pectin fractions, mainly in the case of the CDTA-soluble pectin fraction.”
t0“wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) plants”
Claim · model-written summary
Boron plus Ca decreased Al in cell walls and pectin fractions versus Ca alone under Al stress.
- Taxon
- wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)Triticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- Boron + Ca treatmente0
- Outcome
- Al content in the cell wall and pectin fractionse0
- Direction
- decreasede0
- Qualifier
- in the presence of Ale0
- Comparator
- Ca treatment alonee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Boron + Ca treatment decreased the Al content in the cell wall and pectin fractions compared to the Ca treatment alone in the presence of Al.”
t0“wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) plants”
Claim · model-written summary
B+Ca enhanced root growth and B and Ca uptake under Al stress.
- Taxon
- wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)Triticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- B+Ca treatmente0
- Outcome
- B and Ca uptakee0
- Direction
- enhancede0
- Qualifier
- even in the presence of Ale0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“It is concluded that the B+Ca treatment enhanced root growth and, B and Ca uptake, and helped to maintain a normal B and Ca metabolism in the cell walls even in the presence of Al.”
t0“wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) plants”
Claim · model-written summary
B+Ca helped maintain normal B and Ca metabolism in cell walls under Al stress.
- Taxon
- wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)Triticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- B+Ca treatmente0
- Outcome
- normal B and Ca metabolism in the cell wallse0
- Direction
- maintaine0
- Qualifier
- even in the presence of Ale0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“It is concluded that the B+Ca treatment enhanced root growth and, B and Ca uptake, and helped to maintain a normal B and Ca metabolism in the cell walls even in the presence of Al.”
t0“wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) plants”
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Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.