Abstract
Pigmented rice is receiving much attention due to the large amounts of bioactive compounds and various health benefits.However, little information is available on its agronomic and physiological aspects. This research aimed to explore the effects of salinity on yield and grain quality of pigmented rice and the modulation of salinity responses by exogenous application of spermidine (Spd). Four cultivars of rice were grown in pots until the early booting stage. Thereafter, the plants were sprayed with 1 mM Spd for 7 successive days before being irrigated with 25 mM NaCl instead of tap water until maturity. Grain yield, yield components and harvest index in all rice cultivars were negatively affected by this salinity stress. Pretreatment with Spd dramatically improved yield and yield components of salt-treated plants, particularly the salt-sensitive cultivar. The major yield components which were improved and contributed most to the dramatic increase in seed yield were the number of filled grains per panicle and panicle fertility. Moreover, Spd pretreatment resulted in an increase in K+/Na+ ratio in rice grains. Salt stress increased nutritional quality of mature grains, i.e., total phenolic content, anthocyanins, proanthocyanins and antioxidant activities (evaluated by FRAP, DPPH and ABTS assays) in all rice cultivars. Furthermore, all aspects of health-promoting nutritional characters were further enhanced by Spd pretreatment. Thus foliar spraying of Spd to rice plants prior to salt application improved grain yield as well as nutritional quality of colored rice grains in relation to total phenolics, flavonoid pigments and antioxidant capacities.
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Claims 8
Claim · model-written summary
Salinity reduced grain yield, yield components and harvest index in all rice cultivars.
- Taxon
- rice
Oryza sativae0 - Treatment
- salinity stresse0
- Outcome
- Grain yield, yield components and harvest indexe0
- Direction
- negatively affectede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Grain yield, yield components and harvest index in all rice cultivars were negatively affected by this salinity stress”
Claim · model-written summary
Spermidine pretreatment improved yield and yield components of salt-treated rice, especially in the salt-sensitive cultivar.
- Taxon
- Pigmented Rice Grainst0
- Treatment
- Pretreatment with Spde0
- Outcome
- yield and yield componentse0
- Direction
- improvede0
- Qualifier
- particularly the salt-sensitive cultivare0
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e0“Pretreatment with Spd dramatically improved yield and yield components of salt-treated plants, particularly the salt-sensitive cultivar”
t0“Pigmented Rice Grains”
Claim · model-written summary
Spermidine pretreatment improved filled grains per panicle.
- Taxon
- Pigmented Rice Grainst0
- Treatment
- Pretreatment with Spde1
- Outcome
- number of filled grains per paniclee0
- Direction
- improvede0
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e0“The major yield components which were improved and contributed most to the dramatic increase in seed yield were the number of filled grains per panicle and panicle fertility”
e1“Pretreatment with Spd dramatically improved yield and yield components of salt-treated plants”
t0“Pigmented Rice Grains”
Claim · model-written summary
Spermidine pretreatment improved panicle fertility.
- Taxon
- Pigmented Rice Grainst0
- Treatment
- Pretreatment with Spde1
- Outcome
- panicle fertilitye0
- Direction
- improvede0
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e0“The major yield components which were improved and contributed most to the dramatic increase in seed yield were the number of filled grains per panicle and panicle fertility”
e1“Pretreatment with Spd dramatically improved yield and yield components of salt-treated plants”
t0“Pigmented Rice Grains”
Claim · model-written summary
Spermidine pretreatment increased the grain K+/Na+ ratio.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae0
- Treatment
- Spd pretreatmente0
- Outcome
- K+/Na+ ratio in rice grainse0
- Direction
- increasee0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Spd pretreatment resulted in an increase in K+/Na+ ratio in rice grains”
Claim · model-written summary
Salt stress increased total phenolic content, anthocyanins and proanthocyanins in mature rice grains.
- Taxon
- Pigmented Rice Grainst0
- Organ / stage
- mature grainse0
- Treatment
- Salt stresse0
- Outcome
- total phenolic content, anthocyanins, proanthocyaninse0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e0“Salt stress increased nutritional quality of mature grains, i.e., total phenolic content, anthocyanins, proanthocyanins and antioxidant activities”
t0“Pigmented Rice Grains”
Claim · model-written summary
Salt stress increased grain antioxidant activity across FRAP, DPPH and ABTS assays.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae0
- Treatment
- Salt stresse0
- Outcome
- antioxidant activitiese0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Qualifier
- evaluated by FRAP, DPPH and ABTS assayse0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Salt stress increased nutritional quality of mature grains, i.e., total phenolic content, anthocyanins, proanthocyanins and antioxidant activities (evaluated by FRAP, DPPH and ABTS assays) in all rice cultivars”
Claim · model-written summary
Spermidine pretreatment further enhanced health-promoting nutritional characters of rice grains.
- Taxon
- Pigmented Rice Grainst0
- Treatment
- Spd pretreatmente0
- Outcome
- health-promoting nutritional characterse0
- Direction
- further enhancede0
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e0“all aspects of health-promoting nutritional characters were further enhanced by Spd pretreatment”
t0“Pigmented Rice Grains”
The same questions in other papers
spermidine · physiology: ion balance · Oryza sativa (rice)Results agree
2 papers in the same direction as this paper
- positive
- positive
salinity · molecular: metabolites · Oryza sativa (rice)Positive and negative results
23 papers in the same direction as this paper · 40 in the opposite direction
- no effect
- positive
- negative
60 papers more in this group
See all 64 papers →salinity · yield · Oryza sativa (rice)Positive and negative results
137 papers in the same direction as this paper · 29 in the opposite direction
- negative
- negative
- negative
163 papers more in this group
See all 167 papers →Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.