Abstract
Strategies to slow fungicide resistance evolution often advocate early "prophylactic" fungicide application and avoidance of "curative" treatments where possible. There is little evidence to support such guidance. Fungicide applications are usually timed to maximize the efficiency of disease control during the yield-forming period. This article reports mathematical modeling to explore whether earlier timings might be more beneficial for fungicide resistance management compared with the timings that are optimal for efficacy. There are two key timings for fungicide treatment of winter wheat in the United Kingdom: full emergence of leaf three (counting down the canopy) and full emergence of the flag leaf (leaf 1). These timings (referred to as T1 and T2, respectively) maximize disease control on the upper leaves of the crop canopy that are crucial to yield. A differential equation model was developed to track the dynamics of leaf emergence and senescence, epidemic growth, fungicide efficacy, and selection for a resistant strain. The model represented Zymoseptoria tritici on wheat treated twice at varying spray timings. At all fungicide doses tested, moving one or both of the two sprays earlier than the normal T1 and T2 timings reduced selection but also reduced efficacy. Despite these opposing effects, at a fungicide dose just sufficient to obtain effective control, the T1 and T2 timings optimized fungicide effective life (the number of years that effective control can be maintained). At a higher dose, earlier spray timings maximized effective life but caused some reduction in efficacy, whereas the T1 and T2 timings maximized efficacy but resulted in an effective life 1 year shorter than the maximum achievable.
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Claims 8
Claim · model-written summary
Normal T1 and T2 timings maximize control of disease on upper wheat leaves.
- Taxon
- wheat
Triticum aestivumt0 - Organ / stage
- upper leavese0
- Outcome
- disease controle0
- Direction
- maximizee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“These timings (referred to as T1 and T2, respectively) maximize disease control on the upper leaves of the crop canopy that are crucial to yield.”
t0“on Wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Moving one or both sprays earlier reduced selection for fungicide resistance at every tested dose.
- Taxon
- WheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- moving one or both of the two sprays earliere0
- Outcome
- selectione0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Qualifier
- At all fungicide doses testede0
- Comparator
- normal T1 and T2 timingse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“At all fungicide doses tested, moving one or both of the two sprays earlier than the normal T1 and T2 timings reduced selection but also reduced efficacy.”
t0“on Wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Moving sprays earlier reduced fungicide efficacy at every tested dose.
- Taxon
- WheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- moving one or both of the two sprays earliere0
- Outcome
- efficacye0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Qualifier
- At all fungicide doses testede0
- Comparator
- normal T1 and T2 timingse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“At all fungicide doses tested, moving one or both of the two sprays earlier than the normal T1 and T2 timings reduced selection but also reduced efficacy.”
t0“on Wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
At a dose sufficient for effective control, T1 and T2 optimized fungicide effective life.
- Taxon
- WheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- T1 and T2 timingse0
- Outcome
- fungicide effective lifee0
- Direction
- optimizede0
- Qualifier
- a fungicide dose just sufficient to obtain effective controle0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“at a fungicide dose just sufficient to obtain effective control, the T1 and T2 timings optimized fungicide effective life (the number of years that effective control can be maintained).”
t0“on Wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
At a higher dose, earlier spray timings maximized effective life.
- Taxon
- WheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- earlier spray timingse0
- Outcome
- effective lifee0
- Direction
- maximizede0
- Qualifier
- At a higher dosee0
- Comparator
- T1 and T2 timingse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“At a higher dose, earlier spray timings maximized effective life but caused some reduction in efficacy, whereas the T1 and T2 timings maximized efficacy but resulted in an effective life 1 year shorter than the maximum achievable.”
t0“on Wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
At a higher dose, earlier spray timings reduced efficacy.
- Taxon
- WheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- earlier spray timingse0
- Outcome
- efficacye0
- Direction
- reductione0
- Qualifier
- At a higher dosee0
- Comparator
- T1 and T2 timingse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“At a higher dose, earlier spray timings maximized effective life but caused some reduction in efficacy, whereas the T1 and T2 timings maximized efficacy but resulted in an effective life 1 year shorter than the maximum achievable.”
t0“on Wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
At a higher dose, T1 and T2 maximized efficacy.
- Taxon
- WheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- T1 and T2 timingse0
- Outcome
- efficacye0
- Direction
- maximizede0
- Qualifier
- At a higher dosee0
- Comparator
- earlier spray timingse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“At a higher dose, earlier spray timings maximized effective life but caused some reduction in efficacy, whereas the T1 and T2 timings maximized efficacy but resulted in an effective life 1 year shorter than the maximum achievable.”
t0“on Wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
At a higher dose, T1 and T2 produced an effective life one year below the maximum achievable.
- Taxon
- WheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- T1 and T2 timingse0
- Outcome
- effective lifee0
- Direction
- shortere0
- Value
- 1 yeare0
- Qualifier
- At a higher dosee0
- Comparator
- earlier spray timingse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“At a higher dose, earlier spray timings maximized effective life but caused some reduction in efficacy, whereas the T1 and T2 timings maximized efficacy but resulted in an effective life 1 year shorter than the maximum achievable.”
t0“on Wheat”
The same questions in other papers
application · control · Triticum aestivum (wheat)Positive and negative results
4 papers in the same direction as this paper · 34 in the opposite direction
- positive
- positive
- positive
35 papers more in this group
See all 39 papers →Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.