Abstract
The root growth rate in barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) seedlings was measured in parallel with temporal changes in longitudinal (δl) and transverse (δD/D) cell-wall extensibilities and membrane hydraulic conductivity (L p) in the root extension zone. The root growth rate and biophysical parameters examined were sensitive to UV-B irradiation of shoots or roots and to excessive content of ammonium, glutamate, or nickel in the nutrient medium. The root responses to the above treatments were compared with the effects of abscisic acid, salicylate, hydrogen peroxide, diethylstilbestrol, α-naphthyl acetate, oryzalin, and ionomycin. The progressive reduction of root growth under the action of various stressors was accompanied by typical temporal patterns of the growth zone parameters: the δl extensibility declined monotonically, while δD/D and L p changed nonmonotonically, exhibiting the reversion from the initial decrease to the eventual increase above the control values. The decline of δl indicated that the root growth suppression was mainly due to changes in cell-wall mechanical properties caused probably by disorganization of cortical microtubules. It was found that the decline in δD/D and L p was caused primarily by the appearance of oxidative stress, disorders in cytoplasmic H+ homeostasis in root cells, and the consequent transient activation of the plasmalemmal H+-pump. Conversely, the increase in δD/D and L p upon the abrupt retardation of root growth was presumably caused by the increase in cytoplasmic Ca2+ content, disassembling of cortical microtubules, and by partial inhibition of the plasmalemmal H+-pump. The reversion of δD/D and L p changes upon progressive reduction of root growth can be used as an indicator to distinguish moderate and severe stress conditions in the root growth zone. Furthermore, this reversion indicates the increasing disbalance in the homeostasis of reactive oxygen species, cytosolic Ca2+, and cytosolic H+ upon severe stress.
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Claims 11
Claim · model-written summary
Root growth rate of barley seedlings was sensitive to UV-B irradiation of shoots or roots.
- Taxon
- barley
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Hordeum vulgaree1 - Treatment
- UV-B irradiation of shoots or rootse2
- Outcome
- root growth ratee2
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
.jpg?width=500)
Verbatim
e1“The root growth rate in barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) seedlings was measured”
e2“The root growth rate and biophysical parameters examined were sensitive to UV-B irradiation of shoots or roots and to excessive content of ammonium, glutamate, or nickel in the nutrient medium”
Claim · model-written summary
Root growth rate of barley seedlings was sensitive to excessive ammonium.
- Taxon
- barleyHordeum vulgaree1
- Treatment
- excessive content of ammoniume2
- Outcome
- root growth ratee2
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“The root growth rate in barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) seedlings was measured”
e2“The root growth rate and biophysical parameters examined were sensitive to UV-B irradiation of shoots or roots and to excessive content of ammonium, glutamate, or nickel in the nutrient medium”
Claim · model-written summary
Root growth rate of barley seedlings was sensitive to glutamate.
- Taxon
- barleyHordeum vulgaree1
- Treatment
- glutamatee2
- Outcome
- root growth ratee2
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“The root growth rate in barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) seedlings was measured”
e2“The root growth rate and biophysical parameters examined were sensitive to UV-B irradiation of shoots or roots and to excessive content of ammonium, glutamate, or nickel in the nutrient medium”
Claim · model-written summary
Root growth rate of barley seedlings was sensitive to nickel.
- Taxon
- barleyHordeum vulgaree1
- Treatment
- nickele2
- Outcome
- root growth ratee2
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“The root growth rate in barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) seedlings was measured”
e2“The root growth rate and biophysical parameters examined were sensitive to UV-B irradiation of shoots or roots and to excessive content of ammonium, glutamate, or nickel in the nutrient medium”
Claim · model-written summary
The longitudinal cell-wall extensibility (δl) of barley roots declined monotonically under stress.
- Taxon
- barleyHordeum vulgaree1
- Treatment
- the action of various stressorse3
- Outcome
- δl extensibilitye3
- Direction
- declinede3
- Qualifier
- monotonicallye3
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“The root growth rate in barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) seedlings was measured”
e3“The progressive reduction of root growth under the action of various stressors was accompanied by typical temporal patterns of the growth zone parameters: the δl extensibility declined monotonically, while δD/D and L p changed nonmonotonically, exhibiting the reversion from the initial decrease to the eventual increase above the control values”
Claim · model-written summary
The transverse extensibility (δD/D) and membrane hydraulic conductivity (Lp) of barley roots changed nonmonotonically under stress, first decreasing and then increasing above control values.
- Taxon
- barleyHordeum vulgaree1
- Treatment
- the action of various stressorse3
- Outcome
- δD/D and L pe3
- Direction
- changed nonmonotonicallye3
- Qualifier
- reversion from the initial decrease to the eventual increase above the control valuese3
- Comparator
- control valuese3
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“The root growth rate in barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) seedlings was measured”
e3“The progressive reduction of root growth under the action of various stressors was accompanied by typical temporal patterns of the growth zone parameters: the δl extensibility declined monotonically, while δD/D and L p changed nonmonotonically, exhibiting the reversion from the initial decrease to the eventual increase above the control values”
Claim · model-written summary
The decline in δD/D and Lp under stress was caused by oxidative stress.
- Taxon
- barleyHordeum vulgaree1
- Outcome
- decline in δD/D and L pe5
- Qualifier
- the appearance of oxidative stresse5
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“The root growth rate in barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) seedlings was measured”
e5“It was found that the decline in δD/D and L p was caused primarily by the appearance of oxidative stress, disorders in cytoplasmic H+ homeostasis in root cells, and the consequent transient activation of the plasmalemmal H+-pump”
Claim · model-written summary
The increase in δD/D and Lp upon abrupt root growth retardation was presumably caused by increased cytoplasmic Ca2+.
- Taxon
- barleyHordeum vulgaree1
- Outcome
- increase in δD/D and L pe6
- Qualifier
- increase in cytoplasmic Ca2+ contente6
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“The root growth rate in barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) seedlings was measured”
e6“Conversely, the increase in δD/D and L p upon the abrupt retardation of root growth was presumably caused by the increase in cytoplasmic Ca2+ content, disassembling of cortical microtubules, and by partial inhibition of the plasmalemmal H+-pump”
Claim · model-written summary
The decline in root growth suppression of barley is mainly due to changes in cell-wall mechanical properties, probably caused by disorganization of cortical microtubules.
- Taxon
- barleyHordeum vulgaree1
- Outcome
- root growth suppressione4
- Qualifier
- changes in cell-wall mechanical propertiese4
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“The root growth rate in barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) seedlings was measured”
e4“The decline of δl indicated that the root growth suppression was mainly due to changes in cell-wall mechanical properties caused probably by disorganization of cortical microtubules”
Claim · model-written summary
The reversion of δD/D and Lp changes can be used as an indicator to distinguish moderate and severe stress in barley roots.
- Taxon
- barleyHordeum vulgaree1
- Outcome
- indicator to distinguish moderate and severe stress conditionse7
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“The root growth rate in barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) seedlings was measured”
e7“The reversion of δD/D and L p changes upon progressive reduction of root growth can be used as an indicator to distinguish moderate and severe stress conditions in the root growth zone”
Claim · model-written summary
Under severe stress, the reversion indicates increasing disbalance in the homeostasis of reactive oxygen species in barley roots.
- Taxon
- barleyHordeum vulgaree1
- Outcome
- increasing disbalance in the homeostasis of reactive oxygen speciese2
- Qualifier
- upon severe stresse2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“The root growth rate in barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) seedlings was measured”
e2“Furthermore, this reversion indicates the increasing disbalance in the homeostasis of reactive oxygen species, cytosolic Ca2+, and cytosolic H+ upon severe stress”
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