Abstract
Abstract The insecticidal activity of spray deposits of Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) on cotton plants exposed to sunlight was protected for 4 days (and partially protected for 8 days) by the addition of 1% “Coax”. When 0.5% “Coax” was added, the protection was unsatisfactory. In cotton field plots, B. th. preparation + “Coax” application effectively controlled first to third instar larvae of Spodoptera littoralis , while of the fourth instar larvae, only 82% were controlled. Similar results were obtained with the chemical insecticide dursban. More larvae survived when “Gustol” was added to the B. th. preparation. Application of B. th. “Coax” to alfalfa field plots were similarly effecitve in larval control, and resulted in a 58% increase in yield of alfalfa hay. Reducing B.th. + concentrations in the spray suspensions from 1% to 0.33%, slightly increased numbers of surviving larvae, and had no significant effect on yield. Further reduction to 0.16%, significantly reduced control effectiveness and yield increase. Zusammenfassung Biologische Bekämpfung der Baumwolleule, Spodoptera littoralis (Boisd.) (Lep., Noctuidae) in Baumwoll‐ und Alfalfa‐Feldern mit einem Bacillus thuringiensis ssp. entomocidus‐Präparat, ergänzt durch Adjuvants Die insektizide Aktivität eines Sprühbelags von B. th. auf Baumwollpflanzen, die dem Sonnenlicht ausgesetzt waren, wurde 4 Tage (partiell 8 Tage) lang, durch Beigabe von 1% Coax geschützt. Wurden 0,5% Coax hinzugefügt, war keine Schutzwirkung vorhanden. In Baumwollfeldern wurden B. th. + Coax mit vollem Erfolg gegen L1 und L 3 von S. littoralis eingesetzt, während die L 4 nur zu 82 % abstarben. Ähnliche Ergebnisse wurden mit dem chemischen Insektizid Dursban erzielt. Wenn zu dem B. th. ‐Präparat noch Gustol hinzugefügt wurde, überlebte eine größere Anzahl Raupen.
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Claims 11
Claim · model-written summary
Bacillus thuringiensis spray deposits on cotton plants were protected for 4 days by adding 1% Coax, partially protected for 8 days.
- Taxon
- cotton
Gossypium hirsutume1 - Treatment
- addition of 1% “Coax”e1
- Interactor
- Bacillus thuringiensis
Bacillus thuringiensise1biocontrol_agent - Outcome
- insecticidal activitye1
- Direction
- protectede1
- Qualifier
- partially protected for 8 dayse1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“The insecticidal activity of spray deposits of Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) on cotton plants exposed to sunlight was protected for 4 days (and partially protected for 8 days) by the addition of 1% “Coax””
t0“in cotton and alfalfa fields”
Claim · model-written summary
Adding 0.5% Coax to Bacillus thuringiensis spray deposits gave unsatisfactory protection.
- Taxon
- cottonGossypium hirsutume1
- Treatment
- 0.5% “Coax”e2
- Interactor
- Bacillus thuringiensisBacillus thuringiensise1biocontrol_agent
- Outcome
- protectione2
- Direction
- unsatisfactorye2
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e2“When 0.5% “Coax” was added, the protection was unsatisfactory”
e1“The insecticidal activity of spray deposits of Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) on cotton plants exposed to sunlight was protected for 4 days (and partially protected for 8 days) by the addition of 1% “Coax””
t0“in cotton and alfalfa fields”
Claim · model-written summary
In cotton field plots, the B. th. preparation with Coax effectively controlled first to third instar Spodoptera littoralis larvae.
- Taxon
- cottonGossypium hirsutume3
- Treatment
- B. th. preparation + “Coax” applicatione3
- Interactor
- Spodoptera littoralis
Spodoptera littoralise3pest - Second interactor
- B. th.e3biocontrol_agent
- Outcome
- first to third instar larvaee3
- Direction
- effectively controllede3
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e3“In cotton field plots, B. th. preparation + “Coax” application effectively controlled first to third instar larvae of Spodoptera littoralis, while of the fourth instar larvae, only 82% were controlled”
t0“in cotton and alfalfa fields”
Claim · model-written summary
Only 82% of fourth instar Spodoptera littoralis larvae were controlled in cotton field plots by the B. th. preparation with Coax.
- Taxon
- cottonGossypium hirsutume3
- Treatment
- B. th. preparation + “Coax” applicatione3
- Interactor
- Spodoptera littoralisSpodoptera littoralise3pest
- Second interactor
- B. th.e3biocontrol_agent
- Outcome
- fourth instar larvaee3
- Direction
- were controllede3
- Value
- 82%e3
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e3“In cotton field plots, B. th. preparation + “Coax” application effectively controlled first to third instar larvae of Spodoptera littoralis, while of the fourth instar larvae, only 82% were controlled”
t0“in cotton and alfalfa fields”
Claim · model-written summary
The chemical insecticide dursban gave results similar to the B. th. preparation with Coax.
- Taxon
- cottonGossypium hirsutume3
- Treatment
- chemical insecticide dursbane4
- Outcome
- resultse4
- Direction
- Similare4
- Comparator
- B. th. preparation + “Coax” applicatione3
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e4“Similar results were obtained with the chemical insecticide dursban”
e3“In cotton field plots, B. th. preparation + “Coax” application effectively controlled first to third instar larvae of Spodoptera littoralis, while of the fourth instar larvae, only 82% were controlled”
t0“in cotton and alfalfa fields”
Claim · model-written summary
More larvae survived when Gustol was added to the B. th. preparation.
- Taxon
- cottonGossypium hirsutumt0
- Treatment
- “Gustol”e5
- Outcome
- larvae survivede5
- Direction
- Moree5
- Comparator
- B. th. preparatione5
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e5“More larvae survived when “Gustol” was added to the B. th. preparation”
t0“in cotton and alfalfa fields”
Claim · model-written summary
Application of the B. th. preparation with Coax to alfalfa field plots was similarly effective in larval control.
- Taxon
- alfalfa
Medicago sativae6 - Treatment
- Application of B. th. “Coax”e6
- Outcome
- larval controle6
- Direction
- similarlye6
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e6“Application of B. th. “Coax” to alfalfa field plots were similarly effecitve in larval control, and resulted in a 58% increase in yield of alfalfa hay”
t0“in cotton and alfalfa fields”
Claim · model-written summary
The B. th. preparation with Coax applied to alfalfa field plots increased alfalfa hay yield by 58%.
- Taxon
- alfalfaMedicago sativae6
- Treatment
- Application of B. th. “Coax”e6
- Outcome
- yield of alfalfa haye6
- Direction
- increasee6
- Value
- 58%e6
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e6“Application of B. th. “Coax” to alfalfa field plots were similarly effecitve in larval control, and resulted in a 58% increase in yield of alfalfa hay”
t0“in cotton and alfalfa fields”
Claim · model-written summary
Reducing the B.th. concentration from 1% to 0.33% slightly increased the number of surviving larvae.
- Taxon
- cottonGossypium hirsutumt0
- Treatment
- Reducing B.th. + concentrations in the spray suspensions from 1% to 0.33%e7
- Outcome
- numbers of surviving larvaee7
- Direction
- increasede7
- Comparator
- 1%e7
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e7“Reducing B.th. + concentrations in the spray suspensions from 1% to 0.33%, slightly increased numbers of surviving larvae, and had no significant effect on yield”
t0“in cotton and alfalfa fields”
Claim · model-written summary
Reducing the B.th. concentration from 1% to 0.33% had no significant effect on yield.
- Taxon
- cottonGossypium hirsutumt0
- Treatment
- Reducing B.th. + concentrations in the spray suspensions from 1% to 0.33%e7
- Outcome
- yielde7
- Direction
- no_changeinferrede7
- Comparator
- 1%e7
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e7“Reducing B.th. + concentrations in the spray suspensions from 1% to 0.33%, slightly increased numbers of surviving larvae, and had no significant effect on yield”
t0“in cotton and alfalfa fields”
Claim · model-written summary
Further reduction of the B.th. concentration to 0.16% significantly reduced control effectiveness and yield increase.
- Taxon
- cottonGossypium hirsutumt0
- Treatment
- Further reduction to 0.16%e1
- Outcome
- control effectiveness and yield increasee1
- Direction
- significantly reducede1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“Further reduction to 0.16%, significantly reduced control effectiveness and yield increase”
t0“in cotton and alfalfa fields”
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